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	<title><![CDATA[Health]]></title>
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	<description><![CDATA[Health]]></description>
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	<title><![CDATA[Mouse Study Sheds Light On Controlling Hunger]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112471079/mouse-study-sheds-light-on-controlling-hunger/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-08 14:40:15</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Researchers have revealed that the neural circuits controlling hunger and eating behaviors are also controlled by plasticity. ]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[Researchers have revealed that the neural circuits controlling hunger and eating behaviors are also controlled by plasticity.

They found that during fasting, the AgRP neurons that drive feeding behaviors actually undergo anatomical changes that cause them to become more active.

This effect results in these neurons "learning" to be more responsive to hunger-promoting neural stimuli.

"The role of plasticity has generally not been evaluated in neuronal circuits that control feeding behavior and with this new discovery we can start to unravel the basic mechanisms underpinning hunger and gain a greater understanding of the factors that influence weight gain and obesity," explained senior author Bradford Lowell, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, in a statement.

The root of hunger, eating and weight are based in the brain's complex and rapid-fire neurocircuitry.  Nerve cells containing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) protein and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) protein have emerged over the years as critical participants in feeding behaviors.

AgRP neurons, which are located in the brain area that control automatic body functions, have been shown to drive eating and weight gain while POMC neurons inhibit feeding behaviors.

Previous studies on mice showed that when AgRP neurons in the animals are artificially switched off, the animals consume four times more than control animals.

"The 'switched-on' animals search in an unrelenting fashion for food, and when given a task to obtain pellets, will work five times harder to get them," Lowell said.

This study sparked the scientists' interest in understanding the factors that regulate AgRP neuron activity.  The researchers hypothesized that other nerve cells might be behind the regulation.

Neurons communicate with one another through neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that traverse synapses.

"Studies in other regions of the brain [for example those controlling learning and reward and addiction behaviors] have demonstrated that glutamate synapses are highly plastic, changing in their strength and sometimes even in their number," explains Lowell.

Synaptic plasticity is brought about when glutamate binds to NMDA receptors on downstream neurons, which exerts powerful control over behavior.

"NMDA receptors are unusual and really interesting," Lowell said in the press release. "When glutamate gets released by upstream neurons and binds to NMDA receptors, calcium enters the downstream neuron.

"This, in turn, engages signal transduction pathways that cause synaptic plasticity. In other parts of the brain, such as the hippocampus, NMDA receptors drive plasticity which serves to encode memories."

In the new research, the team studied mice genetically engineered to lack glutamate-binding NMDA receptors on the AgRP neurons.  They also created mice genetically engineered to lack NMDA receptors on POMC neurons.

The team found that while mice lacking NMDA receptors on POMC neurons showed no change in feeding behavior, mice lacking NMDA receptors on AgRP neurons reacted differently.

"These mice ate a lot less and were much skinnier than a group of control mice," said Lowell. Furthermore, the scientists found that a 24-hour period of fasting – which causes intense hunger in the control mice – was associated with a 67 percent increase in the number of dendritic spines on the AgRP neurons.

Coauthor Bernardo Sabatini of the Harvard Medical School said he was also shocked about the results.

"I've been studying spines for a long time and I've never before seen a manipulation that triggered such rapid and robust changes in spine number," Sabatini said in a press release.

"Clearly, feeding is plugging in to the most basic mechanisms that control synapse and spine number in these cells. This may be a great system to understand not only feeding behavior, but also to understand the cell biology behind dynamic synapse formation and retraction."

When the control mice were re-fed, the number of spines dropped back to normal.  Lowell said these changes in spine number in mice lacking NMDA receptors on the downstream AgRP neurons suggests that structural plasticity of excitatory glutamate synapses on AgRP neurons is an important regulator of feeding behavior.

The study will be published in the journal Neuron on February 9, 2012.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://hms.harvard.edu/hms/home.asp" target="_blank">Harvard Medical School</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/621183/description#description" target="_blank">Neuron</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.bidmc.harvard.edu/" target="_blank">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center </a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-005.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-005.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[Researchers have revealed that the neural circuits controlling hunger and eating behaviors are also controlled by plasticity.

They found that during fasting, the AgRP neurons that drive feeding behaviors actually undergo anatomical changes that cause them to become more active.

This effect results in these neurons "learning" to be more responsive to hunger-promoting neural stimuli.

"The role of plasticity has generally not been evaluated in neuronal circuits that control feeding behavior and with this new discovery we can start to unravel the basic mechanisms underpinning hunger and gain a greater understanding of the factors that influence weight gain and obesity," explained senior author Bradford Lowell, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, in a statement.

The root of hunger, eating and weight are based in the brain's complex and rapid-fire neurocircuitry.  Nerve cells containing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) protein and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) protein have emerged over the years as critical participants in feeding behaviors.

AgRP neurons, which are located in the brain area that control automatic body functions, have been shown to drive eating and weight gain while POMC neurons inhibit feeding behaviors.

Previous studies on mice showed that when AgRP neurons in the animals are artificially switched off, the animals consume four times more than control animals.

"The 'switched-on' animals search in an unrelenting fashion for food, and when given a task to obtain pellets, will work five times harder to get them," Lowell said.

This study sparked the scientists' interest in understanding the factors that regulate AgRP neuron activity.  The researchers hypothesized that other nerve cells might be behind the regulation.

Neurons communicate with one another through neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that traverse synapses.

"Studies in other regions of the brain [for example those controlling learning and reward and addiction behaviors] have demonstrated that glutamate synapses are highly plastic, changing in their strength and sometimes even in their number," explains Lowell.

Synaptic plasticity is brought about when glutamate binds to NMDA receptors on downstream neurons, which exerts powerful control over behavior.

"NMDA receptors are unusual and really interesting," Lowell said in the press release. "When glutamate gets released by upstream neurons and binds to NMDA receptors, calcium enters the downstream neuron.

"This, in turn, engages signal transduction pathways that cause synaptic plasticity. In other parts of the brain, such as the hippocampus, NMDA receptors drive plasticity which serves to encode memories."

In the new research, the team studied mice genetically engineered to lack glutamate-binding NMDA receptors on the AgRP neurons.  They also created mice genetically engineered to lack NMDA receptors on POMC neurons.

The team found that while mice lacking NMDA receptors on POMC neurons showed no change in feeding behavior, mice lacking NMDA receptors on AgRP neurons reacted differently.

"These mice ate a lot less and were much skinnier than a group of control mice," said Lowell. Furthermore, the scientists found that a 24-hour period of fasting – which causes intense hunger in the control mice – was associated with a 67 percent increase in the number of dendritic spines on the AgRP neurons.

Coauthor Bernardo Sabatini of the Harvard Medical School said he was also shocked about the results.

"I've been studying spines for a long time and I've never before seen a manipulation that triggered such rapid and robust changes in spine number," Sabatini said in a press release.

"Clearly, feeding is plugging in to the most basic mechanisms that control synapse and spine number in these cells. This may be a great system to understand not only feeding behavior, but also to understand the cell biology behind dynamic synapse formation and retraction."

When the control mice were re-fed, the number of spines dropped back to normal.  Lowell said these changes in spine number in mice lacking NMDA receptors on the downstream AgRP neurons suggests that structural plasticity of excitatory glutamate synapses on AgRP neurons is an important regulator of feeding behavior.

The study will be published in the journal Neuron on February 9, 2012.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://hms.harvard.edu/hms/home.asp" target="_blank">Harvard Medical School</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/621183/description#description" target="_blank">Neuron</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.bidmc.harvard.edu/" target="_blank">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center </a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-005.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Smokers Less Apt To Go To A Dentist]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112471067/smokers-less-apt-to-go-to-a-dentist/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-08 14:14:17</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[According to a study released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), smokers go to the dentist less often than non-smokers.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[According to a study released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), smokers go to the dentist less often than non-smokers.

The CDC looked at 2008 survey responses from over 16,000 adults between the ages 8- and 64-years-old.

Over a third of smokers in the study said they have three or more dental problems, ranging from stained teeth to jaw pain, toothaches or infected gums.

The CDC said this was more than double the reports of these dental ailments the non-smokers admitted too.

The report also found that 20 percent of the smokers said they have not been to a dentist in at least five years.  This was compared to only 10 percent of the group of non-smokers, and those who were former smokers.

Robin Cohen, a CDC statistician who co-authored the new report, said smokers seem to be aware their dental health is worse, but are not doing anything to help.

According to the findings, the main reason for those who have not gone to see a dentist was due to cost.

Over 50 percent of smokers said they haven't gone to a dentist because they can't afford it, compared to 35 percent of those who have never smoked.

An equal percentage of current smokes, former smokers, and never smokers did not visit the dentist for an oral health problem because they were afraid.

Another CDC survey found smoking rates are higher among those with low incomes.  It said about 30 percent of Americans with incomes below the federal poverty level say they are current smokers, while less than 19 percent of people with higher incomes are smokers.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db85.pdf" target="_blank">Report (pdf)</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-004.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-004.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[According to a study released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), smokers go to the dentist less often than non-smokers.

The CDC looked at 2008 survey responses from over 16,000 adults between the ages 8- and 64-years-old.

Over a third of smokers in the study said they have three or more dental problems, ranging from stained teeth to jaw pain, toothaches or infected gums.

The CDC said this was more than double the reports of these dental ailments the non-smokers admitted too.

The report also found that 20 percent of the smokers said they have not been to a dentist in at least five years.  This was compared to only 10 percent of the group of non-smokers, and those who were former smokers.

Robin Cohen, a CDC statistician who co-authored the new report, said smokers seem to be aware their dental health is worse, but are not doing anything to help.

According to the findings, the main reason for those who have not gone to see a dentist was due to cost.

Over 50 percent of smokers said they haven't gone to a dentist because they can't afford it, compared to 35 percent of those who have never smoked.

An equal percentage of current smokes, former smokers, and never smokers did not visit the dentist for an oral health problem because they were afraid.

Another CDC survey found smoking rates are higher among those with low incomes.  It said about 30 percent of Americans with incomes below the federal poverty level say they are current smokers, while less than 19 percent of people with higher incomes are smokers.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db85.pdf" target="_blank">Report (pdf)</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-004.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Morning-After Pill Available By Vending Machine On Campus]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112470839/morning-after-pill-available-by-vending-machine-on-campus/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-08 12:11:24</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[The student health center at Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania installed a vending machine where students can get the “morning-after” pill for $25.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[The student health center at Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania installed a vending machine where students can get the “morning-after” pill for $25, reports Daily Mail’s Jill Reilly.

It doesn’t appear that any other vending machine in the US dispenses the contraceptive, which can prevent pregnancy if taken soon after sexual intercourse.

Shippensburg, a secluded public institution of 8,300 students in the Cumberland Valley, provides the Plan B One Step emergency contraceptive in the vending machine along with condoms, decongestants and pregnancy tests. On average, one dose is sold every day from the machine.

“I think it’s great that the school is giving us this option,” junior Chelsea Wehking told the Associated Press (AP). “I’ve heard some kids say they’d be too embarrassed” to go into Shippensburg, a small town with a permanent population of about 6,000, to buy Plan B.

Federal law makes the pill available without a prescription to anyone 17 or older, and the school checked records and found that all current students are that age or older, a spokesman said. The vending machine has been in place for about two years, and its existence wasn’t widely known until recently.

Doctor Roger Serr, university vice president for student affairs said the idea for the vending machine was from the University’s Student Association.

“We went out and did a survey of the student body, and we got an 85 percent response rate that students would be supportive of having Plan B in the health center,” he said to Ship News Now. “The vending machine is just a way to dispense it. It’s provided, it’s not necessarily promoted on a large scale,” he added.

The medical vending machine is in the school’s Health Center, which is accessible only by students and university employees, school spokesman Gigliotti said in a statement. In addition, “no one can walk in off the street and go into the health center,” he said; students must check in at a lobby desk.

Plan B must be taken within 72 hours of rape, condom failure or just forgetting regular contraception and can cut the chances of pregnancy by up to 89 percent. It works best if taken within 24 hours. Some religious conservatives consider the emergency contraceptive tantamount to an abortion drug.

History professor Alexandra Stern, from the University of Michigan, questions whether making it so easily available is a good idea. “Perhaps it is personalized medicine taken too far. It’s part of the general trend that drugs are available for consumers without interface with a pharmacist or doctors. This trend has serious pitfalls.”

Other universities in the state system such as Millersville University require students have an appointment with campus medical staff before the pill is made available.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.ship.edu/" target="_blank">Shippensburg University</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-003.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-003.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[The student health center at Shippensburg University in Pennsylvania installed a vending machine where students can get the “morning-after” pill for $25, reports Daily Mail’s Jill Reilly.

It doesn’t appear that any other vending machine in the US dispenses the contraceptive, which can prevent pregnancy if taken soon after sexual intercourse.

Shippensburg, a secluded public institution of 8,300 students in the Cumberland Valley, provides the Plan B One Step emergency contraceptive in the vending machine along with condoms, decongestants and pregnancy tests. On average, one dose is sold every day from the machine.

“I think it’s great that the school is giving us this option,” junior Chelsea Wehking told the Associated Press (AP). “I’ve heard some kids say they’d be too embarrassed” to go into Shippensburg, a small town with a permanent population of about 6,000, to buy Plan B.

Federal law makes the pill available without a prescription to anyone 17 or older, and the school checked records and found that all current students are that age or older, a spokesman said. The vending machine has been in place for about two years, and its existence wasn’t widely known until recently.

Doctor Roger Serr, university vice president for student affairs said the idea for the vending machine was from the University’s Student Association.

“We went out and did a survey of the student body, and we got an 85 percent response rate that students would be supportive of having Plan B in the health center,” he said to Ship News Now. “The vending machine is just a way to dispense it. It’s provided, it’s not necessarily promoted on a large scale,” he added.

The medical vending machine is in the school’s Health Center, which is accessible only by students and university employees, school spokesman Gigliotti said in a statement. In addition, “no one can walk in off the street and go into the health center,” he said; students must check in at a lobby desk.

Plan B must be taken within 72 hours of rape, condom failure or just forgetting regular contraception and can cut the chances of pregnancy by up to 89 percent. It works best if taken within 24 hours. Some religious conservatives consider the emergency contraceptive tantamount to an abortion drug.

History professor Alexandra Stern, from the University of Michigan, questions whether making it so easily available is a good idea. “Perhaps it is personalized medicine taken too far. It’s part of the general trend that drugs are available for consumers without interface with a pharmacist or doctors. This trend has serious pitfalls.”

Other universities in the state system such as Millersville University require students have an appointment with campus medical staff before the pill is made available.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.ship.edu/" target="_blank">Shippensburg University</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-003.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Americans Consume Too Much Sodium, Bread One Big Culprit]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112470547/americans-consume-too-much-sodium-bread-one-big-culprit/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-08 06:28:54</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that Americans are consuming too much sodium these days, with most of the sodium coming from common items bought at the grocery store and restaurants.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that Americans are consuming too much sodium these days.

According to the <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2012/p0207_sodium_food.html" target="_blank">report</a>, Americans are consuming around 3,300 milligrams of sodium per day, excluding added salt at the table. And most of the sodium is coming from common items bought at the grocery store and restaurants.

The CDC suggests that Americans should consume less than 2,300 milligrams per day and 6 in 10 people should only consume 1,500 milligrams of sodium per day. Those included on the reduced intake list include people 51 years of age or older, people with high blood pressure, diabetics, those suffering from chronic kidney disease and African Americans.

Sodium in excess has health risks, according to CDC Director Dr. Thomas R. Frieden, “Too much sodium raises blood pressure, which is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. These diseases kill more than 800,000 Americans each year and contribute an estimated $273 billion in health care costs.”

Dr. Manny Alvarez, senior managing health editor from Fox News lays out the risks to peoples health, saying, “A high sodium diet makes it more difficult for you to lose weight. As we get older, a high-sodium diet is less and less tolerated because our kidneys begin to slow down as we age, and the kidneys are the organs responsible for the removal of excess sodium. That is why we tend to link a high-sodium diet with high blood pressure.”

Dr. Alvarez even warns pregnant women to not ingest too much sodium, because their kidneys are already working overtime because of the added physiological stress caused by the fetus.

The sources of sodium consumed by Americans may surprise some. There are foods you may not expect to be at the top of the list. The top 10 sources of sodium are breads and rolls, cold cuts, pizza, poultry because they inject sodium into poultry, soups, sandwiches, cheese, pasta dishes, meat dishes like meat loaf, and savory snacks such as pretzels or potato chips.

One slice of bread by itself only contains about 80 milligrams of sodium but eaten as toast in the morning, then as a cold-cut sandwich for lunch the numbers start to add up.

Reducing sodium can be a challenge but can be done. It all boils down to the food choices that are made. The CDC suggests consumers make the choice at the restaurant to tell the waiter to cut the amount of sodium, eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables without sauces, limit processed foods high in sodium, and read the Nutrition Facts label in order to count the amount of sodium ingested.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-002.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-002.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that Americans are consuming too much sodium these days.

According to the <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2012/p0207_sodium_food.html" target="_blank">report</a>, Americans are consuming around 3,300 milligrams of sodium per day, excluding added salt at the table. And most of the sodium is coming from common items bought at the grocery store and restaurants.

The CDC suggests that Americans should consume less than 2,300 milligrams per day and 6 in 10 people should only consume 1,500 milligrams of sodium per day. Those included on the reduced intake list include people 51 years of age or older, people with high blood pressure, diabetics, those suffering from chronic kidney disease and African Americans.

Sodium in excess has health risks, according to CDC Director Dr. Thomas R. Frieden, “Too much sodium raises blood pressure, which is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. These diseases kill more than 800,000 Americans each year and contribute an estimated $273 billion in health care costs.”

Dr. Manny Alvarez, senior managing health editor from Fox News lays out the risks to peoples health, saying, “A high sodium diet makes it more difficult for you to lose weight. As we get older, a high-sodium diet is less and less tolerated because our kidneys begin to slow down as we age, and the kidneys are the organs responsible for the removal of excess sodium. That is why we tend to link a high-sodium diet with high blood pressure.”

Dr. Alvarez even warns pregnant women to not ingest too much sodium, because their kidneys are already working overtime because of the added physiological stress caused by the fetus.

The sources of sodium consumed by Americans may surprise some. There are foods you may not expect to be at the top of the list. The top 10 sources of sodium are breads and rolls, cold cuts, pizza, poultry because they inject sodium into poultry, soups, sandwiches, cheese, pasta dishes, meat dishes like meat loaf, and savory snacks such as pretzels or potato chips.

One slice of bread by itself only contains about 80 milligrams of sodium but eaten as toast in the morning, then as a cold-cut sandwich for lunch the numbers start to add up.

Reducing sodium can be a challenge but can be done. It all boils down to the food choices that are made. The CDC suggests consumers make the choice at the restaurant to tell the waiter to cut the amount of sodium, eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables without sauces, limit processed foods high in sodium, and read the Nutrition Facts label in order to count the amount of sodium ingested.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-002.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Social Networking Elevates Mood]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112470544/social-networking-elevates-mood/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-08 06:17:31</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[According to researchers, using Facebook and other social networking sites (SNS) may be associated with a “specific positive affective state experienced by users when they use their SNS account.” In other words, it puts people in a good mood.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[According to researchers, using Facebook and other social networking sites (SNS) may be associated with a “specific positive affective state experienced by users when they use their SNS account.” In other words, it puts people in a good mood.

The study looked at 30 healthy students from IULM University of Milan and Catholic University of Milan. The participants ranged in age from 19 to 25 and had to send their Facebook account name in order to participate. The study only looked at participants who were using Facebook at least once a day for the last six months. This allowed the participants to be familiar with the use of the site, so they would not be frustrated with a learning curve.

The participants were not allowed to smoke, drink caffeine or drink alcohol for a week before the study, because it could affect the central autonomic nervous system and would skew the results.

The researchers were looking at the participants psychophysiological responses as the students were using Facebook. The researchers were measuring Skin Conductance, Respiration, Inter Beat Interval, Electroencephalogram (EEG; Alpha and Beta waves patterns and ration of Theta/Alpha waves), Electromyography from CS muscle and Pupil Dilation signal processing.

The results of the study show that the psychophysiological responses, according to the Valence-Arousal model, trended toward joyous and excited while using Facebook. This explains why SNSs are so successful. Users want to be in this elevated state that creates positive emotions.

The study was published in Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and social networking, published by Mary Ann Liebart, Inc.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/cyber.2010.0377" target="_blank">Read the Study</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-001.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-001.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[According to researchers, using Facebook and other social networking sites (SNS) may be associated with a “specific positive affective state experienced by users when they use their SNS account.” In other words, it puts people in a good mood.

The study looked at 30 healthy students from IULM University of Milan and Catholic University of Milan. The participants ranged in age from 19 to 25 and had to send their Facebook account name in order to participate. The study only looked at participants who were using Facebook at least once a day for the last six months. This allowed the participants to be familiar with the use of the site, so they would not be frustrated with a learning curve.

The participants were not allowed to smoke, drink caffeine or drink alcohol for a week before the study, because it could affect the central autonomic nervous system and would skew the results.

The researchers were looking at the participants psychophysiological responses as the students were using Facebook. The researchers were measuring Skin Conductance, Respiration, Inter Beat Interval, Electroencephalogram (EEG; Alpha and Beta waves patterns and ration of Theta/Alpha waves), Electromyography from CS muscle and Pupil Dilation signal processing.

The results of the study show that the psychophysiological responses, according to the Valence-Arousal model, trended toward joyous and excited while using Facebook. This explains why SNSs are so successful. Users want to be in this elevated state that creates positive emotions.

The study was published in Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and social networking, published by Mary Ann Liebart, Inc.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/cyber.2010.0377" target="_blank">Read the Study</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020812-001.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Walmart Unveils New Healthier Food Icon]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112470034/walmart-unveils-new-healthier-food-icon/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-07 12:35:51</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Walmart unveiled a new "Great For You" icon designed to help consumers determine which food selections are healthier. ]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[Walmart unveiled a new icon designed to help consumers determine which food selections are healthier.

The company's new "<a href="http://walmartstores.com/nutrition/greatforyou.aspx" target="_blank">Great For You</a>" icon will initially appear on select Walmart Great Value and Marketside items, as well as on fresh and packaged fruits and vegetables.

First Lady Michelle Obama applauded the new effort taken by the nation's largest food retailer.

"Today's announcement by Walmart is yet another step toward ensuring that our kids are given the chance to grow up healthy," First Lady Michelle Obama said in a statement. "The healthy seal will be another tool for parents to identify the best products for their kids."

In order for a product to get the new "Great For You" icon, the food must meet certain nutritional criteria.

Some of the nutritional criteria for a food to receive the icon include: being 100 percent whole grain; less than 15 percent total calories from saturated fat; a low-fat or non-fat dairy product; or a grain product that is greater than 50 percent whole grain.

"Our 'Great For You' icon provides customers with an easy way to quickly identify healthier food choices," Andrea Thomas, senior vice president of sustainability at Walmart, said in a statement. "As they continue to balance busy schedules and tight budgets, this simple tool encourages families to have a healthier diet."

The second step for a product to receive the icon must meet criteria such as added sugars be no more than 25 percent of total calories, or total fat be less than 35 percent of total calories.

The company said that the labeling will be phased in.  While old products begin to thin out, boxes with the new labels will be brought in.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.walmart.com/" target="_blank">Walmart</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020712-003.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020712-003.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[Walmart unveiled a new icon designed to help consumers determine which food selections are healthier.

The company's new "<a href="http://walmartstores.com/nutrition/greatforyou.aspx" target="_blank">Great For You</a>" icon will initially appear on select Walmart Great Value and Marketside items, as well as on fresh and packaged fruits and vegetables.

First Lady Michelle Obama applauded the new effort taken by the nation's largest food retailer.

"Today's announcement by Walmart is yet another step toward ensuring that our kids are given the chance to grow up healthy," First Lady Michelle Obama said in a statement. "The healthy seal will be another tool for parents to identify the best products for their kids."

In order for a product to get the new "Great For You" icon, the food must meet certain nutritional criteria.

Some of the nutritional criteria for a food to receive the icon include: being 100 percent whole grain; less than 15 percent total calories from saturated fat; a low-fat or non-fat dairy product; or a grain product that is greater than 50 percent whole grain.

"Our 'Great For You' icon provides customers with an easy way to quickly identify healthier food choices," Andrea Thomas, senior vice president of sustainability at Walmart, said in a statement. "As they continue to balance busy schedules and tight budgets, this simple tool encourages families to have a healthier diet."

The second step for a product to receive the icon must meet criteria such as added sugars be no more than 25 percent of total calories, or total fat be less than 35 percent of total calories.

The company said that the labeling will be phased in.  While old products begin to thin out, boxes with the new labels will be brought in.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.walmart.com/" target="_blank">Walmart</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020712-003.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Pass The Cake Please!]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112469808/pass-the-cake-please/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-07 10:51:57</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[In a surprising discovery, researchers from Tel Aviv University have found that dessert, as part of a balanced 600-calorie breakfast that also includes proteins and carbohydrates, can help dieters to lose more weight — and keep it off in the long run.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[<strong>A full breakfast that includes a sweet dessert contributes to weight loss success, say TAU researchers</strong>

When it comes to diets, cookies and cake are off the menu. Now, in a surprising discovery, researchers from Tel Aviv University have found that dessert, as part of a balanced 600-calorie breakfast that also includes proteins and carbohydrates, can help dieters to lose more weight — and keep it off in the long run.

They key is to indulge in the morning, when the body's metabolism is at its most active and we are better able to work off the extra calories throughout the day, say Prof. Daniela Jakubowicz, Dr. Julio Wainstein and Dr. Mona Boaz of Tel Aviv University's Sackler Faculty of Medicine and the Diabetes Unit at Wolfson Medical Center, and Prof. Oren Froy of Hebrew University Jerusalem.

Attempting to avoid sweets entirely can create a psychological addiction to these same foods in the long-term, explains Prof. Jakubowicz. Adding dessert items to breakfast can control cravings throughout the rest of the day. Over the course of a 32 week-long study, detailed in the journal Steroids, participants who added dessert to their breakfast — cookies, cake, or chocolate — lost an average of 40 lbs. more than a group that avoided such foods. What's more, they kept off the pounds longer.

<strong>The scale tells the tale</strong>

A meal in the morning provides energy for the day's tasks, aids in brain functioning, and kick-starts the body's metabolism, making it crucial for weight loss and maintenance. And breakfast is the meal that most successfully regulates ghrelin, the hormone that increases hunger, explains Prof. Jakubowicz. While the level of ghrelin rises before every meal, it is suppressed most effectively at breakfast time.

Basing their study on this fact, the researchers hoped to determine whether meal time and composition impacted weight loss in the short and long term, says Prof. Jakubowicz, or if it was a simple matter of calorie count.

One hundred and ninety three clinically obese, non-diabetic adults were randomly assigned to one of two diet groups with identical caloric intake — the men consumed 1600 calories per day and the women 1400. However, the first group was given a low carbohydrate diet including a small 300 calorie breakfast, and the second was given a 600 calorie breakfast high in protein and carbohydrates, always including a dessert item (i.e. chocolate).

Halfway through the study, participants in both groups had lost an average of 33 lbs. per person. But in the second half of the study, results differed drastically. The participants in the low-carbohydrate group regained an average of 22 lbs. per person, but participants in the group with a larger breakfast lost another 15 lbs. each. At the end of the 32 weeks, those who had consumed a 600 calorie breakfast had lost an average of 40 lbs. more per person than their peers.

<strong>Realistic in the long run</strong>

One of the biggest challenges that people face is keeping weight off in the long-term, says Prof. Jakubowicz. Ingesting a higher proportion of our daily calories at breakfast makes sense. It’s not only good for body function, but it also alleviates cravings. Highly restrictive diets that forbid desserts and carbohydrates are initially effective, but often cause dieters to stray from their food plans as a result of withdrawal-like symptoms. They wind up regaining much of the weight they lost during the diet proper.

Though they consumed the same daily amount of calories, "the participants in the low carbohydrate diet group had less satisfaction, and felt that they were not full," she says, noting that their cravings for sugars and carbohydrates were more intense and eventually caused them to cheat on the diet plan. "But the group that consumed a bigger breakfast, including dessert, experienced few if any cravings for these foods later in the day."

Ultimately, this shows that a diet must be realistic to be adopted as part of a new lifestyle. Curbing cravings is better than deprivation for weight loss success, Prof. Jakubowicz concludes.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.tau.ac.il/index-eng.html" target="_blank">Tel Aviv University</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/steroids/" target="_blank">Steroids</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-005.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-005.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[<strong>A full breakfast that includes a sweet dessert contributes to weight loss success, say TAU researchers</strong>

When it comes to diets, cookies and cake are off the menu. Now, in a surprising discovery, researchers from Tel Aviv University have found that dessert, as part of a balanced 600-calorie breakfast that also includes proteins and carbohydrates, can help dieters to lose more weight — and keep it off in the long run.

They key is to indulge in the morning, when the body's metabolism is at its most active and we are better able to work off the extra calories throughout the day, say Prof. Daniela Jakubowicz, Dr. Julio Wainstein and Dr. Mona Boaz of Tel Aviv University's Sackler Faculty of Medicine and the Diabetes Unit at Wolfson Medical Center, and Prof. Oren Froy of Hebrew University Jerusalem.

Attempting to avoid sweets entirely can create a psychological addiction to these same foods in the long-term, explains Prof. Jakubowicz. Adding dessert items to breakfast can control cravings throughout the rest of the day. Over the course of a 32 week-long study, detailed in the journal Steroids, participants who added dessert to their breakfast — cookies, cake, or chocolate — lost an average of 40 lbs. more than a group that avoided such foods. What's more, they kept off the pounds longer.

<strong>The scale tells the tale</strong>

A meal in the morning provides energy for the day's tasks, aids in brain functioning, and kick-starts the body's metabolism, making it crucial for weight loss and maintenance. And breakfast is the meal that most successfully regulates ghrelin, the hormone that increases hunger, explains Prof. Jakubowicz. While the level of ghrelin rises before every meal, it is suppressed most effectively at breakfast time.

Basing their study on this fact, the researchers hoped to determine whether meal time and composition impacted weight loss in the short and long term, says Prof. Jakubowicz, or if it was a simple matter of calorie count.

One hundred and ninety three clinically obese, non-diabetic adults were randomly assigned to one of two diet groups with identical caloric intake — the men consumed 1600 calories per day and the women 1400. However, the first group was given a low carbohydrate diet including a small 300 calorie breakfast, and the second was given a 600 calorie breakfast high in protein and carbohydrates, always including a dessert item (i.e. chocolate).

Halfway through the study, participants in both groups had lost an average of 33 lbs. per person. But in the second half of the study, results differed drastically. The participants in the low-carbohydrate group regained an average of 22 lbs. per person, but participants in the group with a larger breakfast lost another 15 lbs. each. At the end of the 32 weeks, those who had consumed a 600 calorie breakfast had lost an average of 40 lbs. more per person than their peers.

<strong>Realistic in the long run</strong>

One of the biggest challenges that people face is keeping weight off in the long-term, says Prof. Jakubowicz. Ingesting a higher proportion of our daily calories at breakfast makes sense. It’s not only good for body function, but it also alleviates cravings. Highly restrictive diets that forbid desserts and carbohydrates are initially effective, but often cause dieters to stray from their food plans as a result of withdrawal-like symptoms. They wind up regaining much of the weight they lost during the diet proper.

Though they consumed the same daily amount of calories, "the participants in the low carbohydrate diet group had less satisfaction, and felt that they were not full," she says, noting that their cravings for sugars and carbohydrates were more intense and eventually caused them to cheat on the diet plan. "But the group that consumed a bigger breakfast, including dessert, experienced few if any cravings for these foods later in the day."

Ultimately, this shows that a diet must be realistic to be adopted as part of a new lifestyle. Curbing cravings is better than deprivation for weight loss success, Prof. Jakubowicz concludes.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.tau.ac.il/index-eng.html" target="_blank">Tel Aviv University</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.journals.elsevier.com/steroids/" target="_blank">Steroids</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-005.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Your Odds Of Living A Long Life Just Got Worse]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112469805/your-odds-of-living-a-long-life-just-got-worse/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-07 10:46:07</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Research just published by a team of demographers at the social science research organization NORC at the University of Chicago contradicts a long-held belief that the mortality rate of Americans flattens out above age 80.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[Research just published by a team of demographers at the social science research organization NORC at the University of Chicago contradicts a long-held belief that the mortality rate of Americans flattens out above age 80.

It also explains why there are only half as many people in the U.S. age 100 and above than the Census Bureau predicted there would be as recently as six years ago.

The research is based on a new way of accurately measuring mortality of Americans who are 80 years of age and older, an issue that has proven remarkably elusive in the past. The work will be significant in arriving at more accurate cost projections for programs such as Social Security and Medicare, which are based in part on mortality rates.

The research, done by Leonid A. Gavrilov and Natalia S. Gavrilova, and published in the current edition of the North American Actuarial Journal, is based on highly accurate information about the date of birth and the date of death of more than nine million Americans born between 1875 and 1895. The data is publicly available in the Social Security Administration Death Master File. "It is a remarkable resource that allowed us to build what is called an extinct birth cohort that corrects or explains a number of misunderstandings about the mortality rate of our oldest citizens," said Leonid Gavrilov.

A stark example of the problem of estimating the number of people over 100 came recently when the U.S. Census Bureau revised sharply downward the number of living centenarians. Six years ago, the bureau predicted that by 2010 there would be 114,000 people age 100 or older. The actual number turned out to be 53,364. The projection was wrong by a factor of two.

The newly published paper, titled "Mortality Measurement at Advanced Ages: A Study of the Social Security Administration Death Master File," explains the discrepancy and is likely to make a difference in the way mortality projections for the very old are done in the future.

The key finding is straightforward—the rate of mortality growth with age of the oldest Americans is the same as that for those who are younger. The research reveals that mortality deceleration, the long-held belief that the mortality rate flattens out above age 80, does not take place.

Anne Zissu, chair of the Department of Business NYC College of Technology/CUNY, said the research provides "an essential tool" for developing models on seniors' financial assets.

Zissu said the research "will alter our financial approach to this valuation of mortality/longevity risk. Demographers and financiers need to work on this issue together, and their models must adapt to each other."

The mortality rate for people between the ages of 30 and 80 follows what is called the Gompertz Law, named for its founder, Benjamin Gompertz, who observed in 1825 that a person's risk of death in a given year doubles every eight years of age. It is a phenomenon that holds up across nations and over time and is an important part of the foundation of actuarial science.

For approximately 70 years, demographers have believed that above age 80 the Gompertz Law did not hold and that mortality rates flattened out. The work done by the Gavrilovs, a husband-and-wife team, reveals that the Gompertz Law holds at least through age 106, and probably higher, but the researchers say mortality data for those older than 106 is unreliable.

The Gavrilovs say the extinct birth cohort of people born between 1875 and 1895, which they built using the Social Security Administration Death Master File, reveals beyond question that the mortality rate of people in that cohort aligns with the Gompertz Law.

"It amazes me that the Gompertz model fits so well nearly 200 years after he proposed it. I like the approach of using extinct cohorts methods on SSA DMF (Social Security Administration Death Master File) data by month and the use of male-female ratios to test the quality of the data at advanced ages," said Tom Edwalds, Assistant Vice President, Mortality Research, for the Munich American Reassurance Company.

Prior estimates of the number of centenarians in the United States were made in less direct ways that were subject to error. They depended, for example, on people self-reporting their age in the U.S. Census, which is less reliable than having actual birth and death data.

Gavrilov and Gavrilova work at the Center on the Economics and Demography of Aging, one of the Academic Research Centers of NORC. The study is supported by the National Institute on Aging.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.uchicago.edu/" target="_blank">University of Chicago</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.norc.org/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">NORC</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.soa.org/news-and-publications/publications/journals/naaj/naaj-detail.aspx" target="_blank">North American Actuarial Journal</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-004.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-004.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[Research just published by a team of demographers at the social science research organization NORC at the University of Chicago contradicts a long-held belief that the mortality rate of Americans flattens out above age 80.

It also explains why there are only half as many people in the U.S. age 100 and above than the Census Bureau predicted there would be as recently as six years ago.

The research is based on a new way of accurately measuring mortality of Americans who are 80 years of age and older, an issue that has proven remarkably elusive in the past. The work will be significant in arriving at more accurate cost projections for programs such as Social Security and Medicare, which are based in part on mortality rates.

The research, done by Leonid A. Gavrilov and Natalia S. Gavrilova, and published in the current edition of the North American Actuarial Journal, is based on highly accurate information about the date of birth and the date of death of more than nine million Americans born between 1875 and 1895. The data is publicly available in the Social Security Administration Death Master File. "It is a remarkable resource that allowed us to build what is called an extinct birth cohort that corrects or explains a number of misunderstandings about the mortality rate of our oldest citizens," said Leonid Gavrilov.

A stark example of the problem of estimating the number of people over 100 came recently when the U.S. Census Bureau revised sharply downward the number of living centenarians. Six years ago, the bureau predicted that by 2010 there would be 114,000 people age 100 or older. The actual number turned out to be 53,364. The projection was wrong by a factor of two.

The newly published paper, titled "Mortality Measurement at Advanced Ages: A Study of the Social Security Administration Death Master File," explains the discrepancy and is likely to make a difference in the way mortality projections for the very old are done in the future.

The key finding is straightforward—the rate of mortality growth with age of the oldest Americans is the same as that for those who are younger. The research reveals that mortality deceleration, the long-held belief that the mortality rate flattens out above age 80, does not take place.

Anne Zissu, chair of the Department of Business NYC College of Technology/CUNY, said the research provides "an essential tool" for developing models on seniors' financial assets.

Zissu said the research "will alter our financial approach to this valuation of mortality/longevity risk. Demographers and financiers need to work on this issue together, and their models must adapt to each other."

The mortality rate for people between the ages of 30 and 80 follows what is called the Gompertz Law, named for its founder, Benjamin Gompertz, who observed in 1825 that a person's risk of death in a given year doubles every eight years of age. It is a phenomenon that holds up across nations and over time and is an important part of the foundation of actuarial science.

For approximately 70 years, demographers have believed that above age 80 the Gompertz Law did not hold and that mortality rates flattened out. The work done by the Gavrilovs, a husband-and-wife team, reveals that the Gompertz Law holds at least through age 106, and probably higher, but the researchers say mortality data for those older than 106 is unreliable.

The Gavrilovs say the extinct birth cohort of people born between 1875 and 1895, which they built using the Social Security Administration Death Master File, reveals beyond question that the mortality rate of people in that cohort aligns with the Gompertz Law.

"It amazes me that the Gompertz model fits so well nearly 200 years after he proposed it. I like the approach of using extinct cohorts methods on SSA DMF (Social Security Administration Death Master File) data by month and the use of male-female ratios to test the quality of the data at advanced ages," said Tom Edwalds, Assistant Vice President, Mortality Research, for the Munich American Reassurance Company.

Prior estimates of the number of centenarians in the United States were made in less direct ways that were subject to error. They depended, for example, on people self-reporting their age in the U.S. Census, which is less reliable than having actual birth and death data.

Gavrilov and Gavrilova work at the Center on the Economics and Demography of Aging, one of the Academic Research Centers of NORC. The study is supported by the National Institute on Aging.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.uchicago.edu/" target="_blank">University of Chicago</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.norc.org/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">NORC</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.soa.org/news-and-publications/publications/journals/naaj/naaj-detail.aspx" target="_blank">North American Actuarial Journal</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-004.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[New Guidelines Proposed For Diagnosing Early Alzheimer's]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112469788/new-guidelines-proposed-for-diagnosing-early-alzheimers/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-07 09:45:02</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Nearly all people who are currently diagnosed with a mild form of Alzheimer’s would be considered to not have the disease at all, if new criteria for the diagnosis of cognitive conditions are to be applied, a new study suggests. ]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[Nearly all people who are currently diagnosed with a mild form of Alzheimer’s would be considered to not have the disease at all, if new criteria for the diagnosis of cognitive conditions are to be applied, a new study suggests.

Mild cognitive impairment is seen by many doctors as a first sign of early Alzheimer’s. But now, under the new proposals, people diagnosed as having “very mild” and “mild” Alzheimer’s would be reclassified as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is currently recognized as an intermittent stage between the normal loss of mental function that comes with age and the development of dementia.

“There’s been a lot of controversy... about the whole classification called mild cognitive impairment,” Dr. Peter Whitehouse, a geriatric neurologist at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, who wasn’t involved in the study, told Genevra Pittman of Reuters. “The major issue since the beginning (has been) defining its boundaries. Inventing a label like this creates confusion,” he told Reuters Health.

The new criteria, if it takes effect, will cause confusion when doctors try to diagnose MCI and Alzheimer’s, said study author Dr. John Morris, a professor of neurology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, according to Pittman and Rachael Rettner of MyHealthNewsDaily.

Moreover, the new criteria highlight the fallacy of thinking about MCI and Alzheimer’s as different entities, Morris said. “[The] idea that there is an MCI stage, distinct from very early Alzheimer's disease, is artificial,” he added. “It really is the same disease process.”

Instead of widening the criteria so more people are diagnosed with MCI, researchers should do the opposite -- try to figure how to whittle down the group of patients with MCI to find those who will go on to develop Alzheimer’s, Morris said. If a patient’s memory and thinking woes are due to early Alzheimer’s, and not due to depression or medication use, “We can just call it very early Alzheimer's disease. There's no need to have this distinction.”

MCI was previously defined as a decline in cognitive function -- which includes memory and language problems -- that do not interfere with everyday activities. But the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association, propose that people with MCI have some trouble doing certain functional activities.

This could mean that, as long as a person can do everyday activities by themselves, they would be classified as having MCI, even if they have problems with other activities such as shopping and cooking, said Morris.

Those functional problems have traditionally been part of an early Alzheimer’s diagnosis. Morris said he thinks there is so much confusion because most cases of MCI really are the first signs of Alzheimer‘s.

Morris’s study, published online in the Archives of Neurology, assessed the impact of the new criteria by analyzing information from 17,535 people who had been classified as having normal cognition, MCI or Alzheimer’s disease. The participants were classified based on how well they could function performing a variety of tasks, including preparing meals and taking medications.

His results showed 99.8 percent of patients currently diagnosed with very mild Alzheimer’s, and 92.7 percent diagnosed with mild Alzheimer’s, would be reclassified as having MCI based on the proposed criteria.

Based on the 2.5 million people who have very mild Alzheimer’s, the findings suggest that roughly 2.2 million of those people could be reclassified as having MCI, said Morris.

The criteria for MCI is less than a year old and experts will likely need to continue discussing and fine-tuning them in the years ahead, William Thies, chief medical and scientific officer at the Alzheimer's Association, told MSNBC.

“We are really now working on trying to identify exactly where people will fit in the continuum of Alzheimer's disease,” Thies told Rettner, agreeing the disease is a continuous process, and adding you could likely not tell the difference between someone with the most severe case of MCI and someone with the mildest form of Alzheimer’s.

Thies said he believes the new criteria will not create too much confusion. They are intended to be used by experts in the field, some of whom have already been thinking of MCI in the manner described by the new criteria. And others who are very conservative when it comes to diagnosing people with Alzheimer's disease likely won’t change their ways, he said.

The  Alzheimer’s Association states that 5.4 million people in the US have Alzheimer’s disease, including one in eight aged 65 or older.

To a certain extent, the difference between MCI and early Alzheimer’s is definitely “fuzzy” and depends on a doctor’s individual judgment, said Creighton Phelps, head of the Alzheimer’s Disease Centers Program at the National Institute on Aging. But he added that many researchers still think there’s a point in between normal thinking and functioning and Alzheimer’s dementia that deserves its own category.

“What other experts say is, you should not be calling it dementia too early, until you’re absolutely sure about it,” Phelps told Reuters Health.

“In (mild cognitive impairment), you pick up some very early changes. They don’t have to quit their job, it’s not interfering with their life, but it’s measurable,” he added. “It’s not enough to move them into the dementia category.”

Experts say people can do a lot now to help protect themselves from MCI and Alzheimer’s later on; as people age, they should be taking steps to maintain their brain health. That includes keeping your mind and body active, eating a healthy, Mediterranean-style diet and keeping engaged socially.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://archneur.ama-assn.org/" target="_blank">Archives of Neurology</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://medschool.wustl.edu/" target="_blank">Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020712-002.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020712-002.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[Nearly all people who are currently diagnosed with a mild form of Alzheimer’s would be considered to not have the disease at all, if new criteria for the diagnosis of cognitive conditions are to be applied, a new study suggests.

Mild cognitive impairment is seen by many doctors as a first sign of early Alzheimer’s. But now, under the new proposals, people diagnosed as having “very mild” and “mild” Alzheimer’s would be reclassified as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is currently recognized as an intermittent stage between the normal loss of mental function that comes with age and the development of dementia.

“There’s been a lot of controversy... about the whole classification called mild cognitive impairment,” Dr. Peter Whitehouse, a geriatric neurologist at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, who wasn’t involved in the study, told Genevra Pittman of Reuters. “The major issue since the beginning (has been) defining its boundaries. Inventing a label like this creates confusion,” he told Reuters Health.

The new criteria, if it takes effect, will cause confusion when doctors try to diagnose MCI and Alzheimer’s, said study author Dr. John Morris, a professor of neurology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, according to Pittman and Rachael Rettner of MyHealthNewsDaily.

Moreover, the new criteria highlight the fallacy of thinking about MCI and Alzheimer’s as different entities, Morris said. “[The] idea that there is an MCI stage, distinct from very early Alzheimer's disease, is artificial,” he added. “It really is the same disease process.”

Instead of widening the criteria so more people are diagnosed with MCI, researchers should do the opposite -- try to figure how to whittle down the group of patients with MCI to find those who will go on to develop Alzheimer’s, Morris said. If a patient’s memory and thinking woes are due to early Alzheimer’s, and not due to depression or medication use, “We can just call it very early Alzheimer's disease. There's no need to have this distinction.”

MCI was previously defined as a decline in cognitive function -- which includes memory and language problems -- that do not interfere with everyday activities. But the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association, propose that people with MCI have some trouble doing certain functional activities.

This could mean that, as long as a person can do everyday activities by themselves, they would be classified as having MCI, even if they have problems with other activities such as shopping and cooking, said Morris.

Those functional problems have traditionally been part of an early Alzheimer’s diagnosis. Morris said he thinks there is so much confusion because most cases of MCI really are the first signs of Alzheimer‘s.

Morris’s study, published online in the Archives of Neurology, assessed the impact of the new criteria by analyzing information from 17,535 people who had been classified as having normal cognition, MCI or Alzheimer’s disease. The participants were classified based on how well they could function performing a variety of tasks, including preparing meals and taking medications.

His results showed 99.8 percent of patients currently diagnosed with very mild Alzheimer’s, and 92.7 percent diagnosed with mild Alzheimer’s, would be reclassified as having MCI based on the proposed criteria.

Based on the 2.5 million people who have very mild Alzheimer’s, the findings suggest that roughly 2.2 million of those people could be reclassified as having MCI, said Morris.

The criteria for MCI is less than a year old and experts will likely need to continue discussing and fine-tuning them in the years ahead, William Thies, chief medical and scientific officer at the Alzheimer's Association, told MSNBC.

“We are really now working on trying to identify exactly where people will fit in the continuum of Alzheimer's disease,” Thies told Rettner, agreeing the disease is a continuous process, and adding you could likely not tell the difference between someone with the most severe case of MCI and someone with the mildest form of Alzheimer’s.

Thies said he believes the new criteria will not create too much confusion. They are intended to be used by experts in the field, some of whom have already been thinking of MCI in the manner described by the new criteria. And others who are very conservative when it comes to diagnosing people with Alzheimer's disease likely won’t change their ways, he said.

The  Alzheimer’s Association states that 5.4 million people in the US have Alzheimer’s disease, including one in eight aged 65 or older.

To a certain extent, the difference between MCI and early Alzheimer’s is definitely “fuzzy” and depends on a doctor’s individual judgment, said Creighton Phelps, head of the Alzheimer’s Disease Centers Program at the National Institute on Aging. But he added that many researchers still think there’s a point in between normal thinking and functioning and Alzheimer’s dementia that deserves its own category.

“What other experts say is, you should not be calling it dementia too early, until you’re absolutely sure about it,” Phelps told Reuters Health.

“In (mild cognitive impairment), you pick up some very early changes. They don’t have to quit their job, it’s not interfering with their life, but it’s measurable,” he added. “It’s not enough to move them into the dementia category.”

Experts say people can do a lot now to help protect themselves from MCI and Alzheimer’s later on; as people age, they should be taking steps to maintain their brain health. That includes keeping your mind and body active, eating a healthy, Mediterranean-style diet and keeping engaged socially.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://archneur.ama-assn.org/" target="_blank">Archives of Neurology</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://medschool.wustl.edu/" target="_blank">Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020712-002.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Men Suffer Dementia From Smoking More Than Women]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112469782/men-suffer-dementia-from-smoking-more-than-women/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-07 08:46:01</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Researchers know smoking is a risk factor for dementia in the aged, but they are also learning that men can experience more rapid cognitive decline than peers who have never smoked or who have been ex-smokers for at least 10 years.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[Researchers know smoking is a risk factor for dementia in the aged, but they are also learning that men can experience more rapid cognitive decline than peers who have never smoked or who have been ex-smokers for at least 10 years.

The study, from the University College London’s Department of Epidemiology and Public Health looked at data collected from 5,099 men and 2,137 women. All were employees of the British Civil Service who had participated in the study, which launched in 1985 and conducted its ninth phase between 2007 and 2009.

Each participant’s performance was tested on memory, verbal skills and reasoning over a period of 10 years, beginning when the participants were in their mid-fifties. The study found that men who smoked showed a greater decline in these mental functions than those who had never smoked.

Severine Sabia, the study’s lead author explained to Carrie Gann of ABC News: “Smoking seemed to speed up the cognitive aging process, making men function mentally as if they were 10 years older. For example, a 50-year-old male smoker shows a similar cognitive decline as a 60-year-old male never-smoker,.”

Interestingly, smokers who had quit at least 10 years before the first assessment did not show the advancing cognitive decline. Women, perhaps because of smoking less than their male counterparts overall, did not show the same levels of decline. Researchers also theorized men engaged in higher levels of other risk factors, such as alcohol consumption.

The team was not sure of the reasons behind smokers’ rapid mental decline, but suggested that it could stem from vascular or lung damage.

“It is increasingly recognized that age-related cognitive pathologies such as dementia result from long-term processes, perhaps beginning as long as 20 to 30 years before the clinical diagnosis of dementia. Our study illustrates the importance of examining risk factors for cognitive decline much earlier in the life course,” the coauthors concluded.

Director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Center at the University of California at Davis, Dr. Charles DeCarli, claimed that differences in cardiovascular disease may also explain why the study found that men showed more cognitive decline linked to smoking than women did.

“Men have more heart disease and greater stroke risk than women do up until about age 70 or so. Part of that is related to lifestyle,” DeCarli told Gann. “Men of this age group often smoked more than women did.”

Smoking’s long-term effects on mental function are very likely underestimated, the study explains, with smokers more likely to expire from other health problems before they have the chance to develop dementia.

Results of the study are published in the Archives of General Psychiatry journal.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank">University College London</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/" target="_blank">Archives of General Psychiatry</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020712-001.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020712-001.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[Researchers know smoking is a risk factor for dementia in the aged, but they are also learning that men can experience more rapid cognitive decline than peers who have never smoked or who have been ex-smokers for at least 10 years.

The study, from the University College London’s Department of Epidemiology and Public Health looked at data collected from 5,099 men and 2,137 women. All were employees of the British Civil Service who had participated in the study, which launched in 1985 and conducted its ninth phase between 2007 and 2009.

Each participant’s performance was tested on memory, verbal skills and reasoning over a period of 10 years, beginning when the participants were in their mid-fifties. The study found that men who smoked showed a greater decline in these mental functions than those who had never smoked.

Severine Sabia, the study’s lead author explained to Carrie Gann of ABC News: “Smoking seemed to speed up the cognitive aging process, making men function mentally as if they were 10 years older. For example, a 50-year-old male smoker shows a similar cognitive decline as a 60-year-old male never-smoker,.”

Interestingly, smokers who had quit at least 10 years before the first assessment did not show the advancing cognitive decline. Women, perhaps because of smoking less than their male counterparts overall, did not show the same levels of decline. Researchers also theorized men engaged in higher levels of other risk factors, such as alcohol consumption.

The team was not sure of the reasons behind smokers’ rapid mental decline, but suggested that it could stem from vascular or lung damage.

“It is increasingly recognized that age-related cognitive pathologies such as dementia result from long-term processes, perhaps beginning as long as 20 to 30 years before the clinical diagnosis of dementia. Our study illustrates the importance of examining risk factors for cognitive decline much earlier in the life course,” the coauthors concluded.

Director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Center at the University of California at Davis, Dr. Charles DeCarli, claimed that differences in cardiovascular disease may also explain why the study found that men showed more cognitive decline linked to smoking than women did.

“Men have more heart disease and greater stroke risk than women do up until about age 70 or so. Part of that is related to lifestyle,” DeCarli told Gann. “Men of this age group often smoked more than women did.”

Smoking’s long-term effects on mental function are very likely underestimated, the study explains, with smokers more likely to expire from other health problems before they have the chance to develop dementia.

Results of the study are published in the Archives of General Psychiatry journal.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank">University College London</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/" target="_blank">Archives of General Psychiatry</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020712-001.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Medical Debt In California On The Rise]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112469479/medical-debt-in-california-on-the-rise/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-07 07:20:58</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Hard hit by one of the worst recessions in nearly a century, hundreds of thousands of Californians lost insurance coverage across the state as employers shed jobs and the health plans that came with those jobs.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[Hard hit by one of the worst recessions in nearly a century, hundreds of thousands of Californians lost insurance coverage across the state as employers shed jobs and the health plans that came with those jobs, according to a new report from the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.

Among the most alarming trends resulting from the so-called Great Recession: a significant jump in California's already high rate of residents with medical debt.

In 2009, 2.6 million non-elderly Californians had some kind of medical debt — an increase of 400,000 since 2007, the new "State of Health Insurance in California" report shows.

The report, published every two years with grant funding from The California Endowment and The California Wellness Foundation, uses the latest data from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) to paint a comprehensive picture of health insurance trends, access and coverage status for California's more than 37 million residents.

The report found that medical debt was highest among those uninsured all of the year (of whom 18.4 percent had debt) and among those uninsured for part of the year (23.2 percent). But even 9.1 percent of those with employment-based coverage reported some kind of medical debt.

"No Californian should have to take on debt to pay medical bills or go without access to health care just because they lost their job," said Shana Alex Lavarreda, lead author of the report and director of health insurance studies at the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. "As this recession has so clearly shown us, linking health care to a volatile job market puts us all at risk."

Yet the report also discusses the potential positive implications of health care reform on California's uninsured population.

"This data clearly indicates the need for successful implementation of the Affordable Care Act," said Dr. Robert K. Ross, CEO and president of The California Endowment. "The rate of uninsured Americans increases annually, and the burden that presents to our health care system is economically unsustainable. Health care reform will ensure that many millions of Californians need not fear a potential health catastrophe just because of an economic downturn."

Among the report's findings:

<strong>Californians living on 'thin margin'</strong>

About half of those with medical debt reported the amount to be below $2,000. "It's an indication that people are living on a very thin margin if they don't have even $2,000 in savings to put towards medical debt," Lavarreda noted.

<strong>Medi-Cal under stress</strong>

Among enrollees in Medi-Cal, the program that is intended to provide comprehensive care for low-income residents, 18.2 percent had medical debt, a level comparable to the uninsured (18.4 percent). "This suggests that the program may not be providing everything its enrollees need, either because certain services are not included in coverage or there are increasingly fewer doctors that accept Medi-Cal patients," said Lavarreda.

<strong>Increasing reliance on high-deductible coverage</strong>

More than 50 percent of Californians with individually purchased insurance participate in high-deductible health plans. Of these, only 8.8 percent purchase these risky plans with a health savings account that might protect them from financial hardship.

<strong>Recession's toll</strong>

In 2007, 61.8 percent of the uninsured were in families with a full-time worker. In 2009, only 46.3 percent of the uninsured were in families with a full-time worker. The proportion of the uninsured living in poor families (families with incomes below 100 percent of the federal poverty level) climbed from 29.0 percent in 2007 to 33.1 percent in 2009, the highest level in a decade.

<strong>Lack of insurance equals lack of care</strong>

Uninsured children and adults were significantly more likely to report not seeing a health care provider in the past year (41.8 percent of children and 49.9 percent of adults) than children and adults with employment-based insurance (8.3 percent and 13.4 percent, respectively).

"This report provides yet more evidence of the need for change of our current system of health care and also of the devastating effect California's budget crisis has had on the programs that support our state's most vulnerable residents," said Diana M. Bontá, president and CEO of The California Wellness Foundation.

The authors noted that the estimated number of uninsured Californians may have grown since 2009 (when the data was collected), as the federal subsidy that enabled many laid-off workers to retain their employer-provided health insurance through COBRA has since expired.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank">University of California - Los Angeles</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.healthpolicy.ucla.edu/pubs/Publication.aspx?pubID=539" target="_blank">Report</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.healthpolicy.ucla.edu/" target="_blank">UCLA Center for Health Policy Research</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.chis.ucla.edu/" target="_blank">California Health Interview Survey (CHIS)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://calwellness.org/" target="_blank">California Wellness Foundation</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.healthpolicy.ucla.edu/www.calendow.org" target="_blank">The California Endowment</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-002.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-002.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[Hard hit by one of the worst recessions in nearly a century, hundreds of thousands of Californians lost insurance coverage across the state as employers shed jobs and the health plans that came with those jobs, according to a new report from the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.

Among the most alarming trends resulting from the so-called Great Recession: a significant jump in California's already high rate of residents with medical debt.

In 2009, 2.6 million non-elderly Californians had some kind of medical debt — an increase of 400,000 since 2007, the new "State of Health Insurance in California" report shows.

The report, published every two years with grant funding from The California Endowment and The California Wellness Foundation, uses the latest data from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) to paint a comprehensive picture of health insurance trends, access and coverage status for California's more than 37 million residents.

The report found that medical debt was highest among those uninsured all of the year (of whom 18.4 percent had debt) and among those uninsured for part of the year (23.2 percent). But even 9.1 percent of those with employment-based coverage reported some kind of medical debt.

"No Californian should have to take on debt to pay medical bills or go without access to health care just because they lost their job," said Shana Alex Lavarreda, lead author of the report and director of health insurance studies at the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. "As this recession has so clearly shown us, linking health care to a volatile job market puts us all at risk."

Yet the report also discusses the potential positive implications of health care reform on California's uninsured population.

"This data clearly indicates the need for successful implementation of the Affordable Care Act," said Dr. Robert K. Ross, CEO and president of The California Endowment. "The rate of uninsured Americans increases annually, and the burden that presents to our health care system is economically unsustainable. Health care reform will ensure that many millions of Californians need not fear a potential health catastrophe just because of an economic downturn."

Among the report's findings:

<strong>Californians living on 'thin margin'</strong>

About half of those with medical debt reported the amount to be below $2,000. "It's an indication that people are living on a very thin margin if they don't have even $2,000 in savings to put towards medical debt," Lavarreda noted.

<strong>Medi-Cal under stress</strong>

Among enrollees in Medi-Cal, the program that is intended to provide comprehensive care for low-income residents, 18.2 percent had medical debt, a level comparable to the uninsured (18.4 percent). "This suggests that the program may not be providing everything its enrollees need, either because certain services are not included in coverage or there are increasingly fewer doctors that accept Medi-Cal patients," said Lavarreda.

<strong>Increasing reliance on high-deductible coverage</strong>

More than 50 percent of Californians with individually purchased insurance participate in high-deductible health plans. Of these, only 8.8 percent purchase these risky plans with a health savings account that might protect them from financial hardship.

<strong>Recession's toll</strong>

In 2007, 61.8 percent of the uninsured were in families with a full-time worker. In 2009, only 46.3 percent of the uninsured were in families with a full-time worker. The proportion of the uninsured living in poor families (families with incomes below 100 percent of the federal poverty level) climbed from 29.0 percent in 2007 to 33.1 percent in 2009, the highest level in a decade.

<strong>Lack of insurance equals lack of care</strong>

Uninsured children and adults were significantly more likely to report not seeing a health care provider in the past year (41.8 percent of children and 49.9 percent of adults) than children and adults with employment-based insurance (8.3 percent and 13.4 percent, respectively).

"This report provides yet more evidence of the need for change of our current system of health care and also of the devastating effect California's budget crisis has had on the programs that support our state's most vulnerable residents," said Diana M. Bontá, president and CEO of The California Wellness Foundation.

The authors noted that the estimated number of uninsured Californians may have grown since 2009 (when the data was collected), as the federal subsidy that enabled many laid-off workers to retain their employer-provided health insurance through COBRA has since expired.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank">University of California - Los Angeles</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.healthpolicy.ucla.edu/pubs/Publication.aspx?pubID=539" target="_blank">Report</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.healthpolicy.ucla.edu/" target="_blank">UCLA Center for Health Policy Research</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.chis.ucla.edu/" target="_blank">California Health Interview Survey (CHIS)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://calwellness.org/" target="_blank">California Wellness Foundation</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.healthpolicy.ucla.edu/www.calendow.org" target="_blank">The California Endowment</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-002.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Third Annual Endometriosis Foundation of America Scientific/Surgical Symposium]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112469785/third-annual-endometriosis-foundation-of-america-scientificsurgical-symposium/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-07 06:08:42</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Join the Endometriosis Foundation of America as they explore provocative and compelling topics regarding endometriosis in future generations of women. ]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[<strong>Hosted by the Endometriosis Foundation of America</strong>

(New York, NY) -- The Endometriosis Foundation of America (EFA) will hold its Third Annual EFA Scientific/Surgical Symposium on Wednesday, March 14, 2012 (7:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.) – Thursday March 15, 2012 (7:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.)  at Lenox Hill Hospital’s Einhorn Auditorium – 131 E. 76th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues. Tamer Seckin, co-founder and EFA President, is Program Chair of the conference. Scientific Program Chairs are Harry Reich, MD and CY Liu, MD.

Join the Endometriosis Foundation of America as they explore provocative and compelling topics regarding endometriosis in future generations of women. The two day event will feature a free Education Day for Residents, Specialists and Fellows on March 14 and the 3rd Annual EFA Congress featuring Science and Surgery Lectures on March 15th.

Registration fees are $100 for Physicians to attend the 2-day event and includes access to all educational lectures, live surgery podcast, breakout sessions, and discussion groups plus breakfast, lunch and refreshments each day of attendance. The programs are free for residents, allied health professionals and patients for either 1 or 2-day admission. To register or for more details, visit <a href="http://www.endofound.org/medicalconference" target="_blank">http://www.endofound.org/medicalconference</a> or call 212-988-4160. Pre-registration required. Find them on Twitter @endofound and on Facebook <a href="http://www.facebook.com/endofound" target="_blank">http://www.facebook.com/endofound</a>.

The medical conference will be followed by EFA’s star-studded annual fundraiser - the Blossom Ball – at the New York Public Library: <a href="http://www.endofound.org/blossomball" target="_blank">http://www.endofound.org/blossomball</a>.]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-003.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-003.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[<strong>Hosted by the Endometriosis Foundation of America</strong>

(New York, NY) -- The Endometriosis Foundation of America (EFA) will hold its Third Annual EFA Scientific/Surgical Symposium on Wednesday, March 14, 2012 (7:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.) – Thursday March 15, 2012 (7:30 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.)  at Lenox Hill Hospital’s Einhorn Auditorium – 131 E. 76th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues. Tamer Seckin, co-founder and EFA President, is Program Chair of the conference. Scientific Program Chairs are Harry Reich, MD and CY Liu, MD.

Join the Endometriosis Foundation of America as they explore provocative and compelling topics regarding endometriosis in future generations of women. The two day event will feature a free Education Day for Residents, Specialists and Fellows on March 14 and the 3rd Annual EFA Congress featuring Science and Surgery Lectures on March 15th.

Registration fees are $100 for Physicians to attend the 2-day event and includes access to all educational lectures, live surgery podcast, breakout sessions, and discussion groups plus breakfast, lunch and refreshments each day of attendance. The programs are free for residents, allied health professionals and patients for either 1 or 2-day admission. To register or for more details, visit <a href="http://www.endofound.org/medicalconference" target="_blank">http://www.endofound.org/medicalconference</a> or call 212-988-4160. Pre-registration required. Find them on Twitter @endofound and on Facebook <a href="http://www.facebook.com/endofound" target="_blank">http://www.facebook.com/endofound</a>.

The medical conference will be followed by EFA’s star-studded annual fundraiser - the Blossom Ball – at the New York Public Library: <a href="http://www.endofound.org/blossomball" target="_blank">http://www.endofound.org/blossomball</a>.]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-003.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Muscle Stem Cells Activated By Exercise]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112469444/muscle-stem-cells-activated-by-exercise/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-07 05:19:26</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[University of Illinois researchers determined that an adult stem cell present in muscle is responsive to exercise, a discovery that may provide a link between exercise and muscle health.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[University of Illinois researchers determined that an adult stem cell present in muscle is responsive to exercise, a discovery that may provide a link between exercise and muscle health. The findings could lead to new therapeutic techniques using these cells to rehabilitate injured muscle and prevent or restore muscle loss with age.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in skeletal muscle have been known to be important for muscle repair in response to non-physiological injury, predominantly in response to chemical injections that significantly damage muscle tissue and induce inflammation. The researchers, led by kinesiology and community health professor Marni Boppart, investigated whether MSCs also responded to strain during exercise, and if so, how.

“Since exercise can induce some injury as part of the remodeling process following mechanical strain, we wondered if MSC accumulation was a natural response to exercise and whether these cells contributed to the beneficial regeneration and growth process that occurs post-exercise,” said Boppart, who also is affiliated with the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the U. of I.

The researchers found that MSCs in muscle are very responsive to mechanical strain. They witnessed MSC accumulation in muscle of mice after vigorous exercise. Then, they determined that although MSCs don’t directly contribute to building new muscle fibers, they release growth factors that spur other cells in muscle to fuse and generate new muscle, providing the cellular basis for enhanced muscle health following exercise.

A key element to the Illinois team’s method was in exercising the mice before isolating the cells to trigger secretion of beneficial growth factors. Then, they dyed the cells with a fluorescent marker and injected them into other mice to see how MSCs coordinated with other muscle-building cells.

In addition to examining the cells in vivo, the researchers studied the cells’ response to strain on different substrates. They found that MSC response is very sensitive to the mechanical environment, indicating that conditions of muscle strain affect the cells’ activity.

“These findings are important because we’ve identified an adult stem cell in muscle that may provide the basis for muscle health with exercise and enhanced muscle healing with rehabilitation/movement therapy,” Boppart said. “The fact that MSCs in muscle have the potential to release high concentrations of growth factor into the circulatory system during exercise also makes us wonder if they provide a critical link between enhanced whole-body health and participation in routine physical activity.”

Next, the group hopes to determine whether these cells contribute to the decline in muscle mass over a person’s lifetime. Preliminary data suggest MSCs become deficient in muscle with age. The team hopes to develop a combinatorial therapy that utilizes molecular and stem-cell-based strategies to prevent age-related muscle loss.

“Although exercise is the best strategy for preserving muscle as we age, some individuals are just not able to effectively engage in physical activity,” Boppart said. “Disabilities can limit opportunities for muscle growth. We’re working hard to understand how we can best utilize these cells effectively to preserve muscle mass in the face of atrophy.”

The team published its findings in the journal PLoS One. The Illinois Regenerative Medicine Institute, the Ellison Medical Foundation and the Mary Jane Neer Foundation supported this work.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.illinois.edu/" target="_blank">University of Illinois</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0029760" target="_blank">PLoS ONE Study</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-001.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-001.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[University of Illinois researchers determined that an adult stem cell present in muscle is responsive to exercise, a discovery that may provide a link between exercise and muscle health. The findings could lead to new therapeutic techniques using these cells to rehabilitate injured muscle and prevent or restore muscle loss with age.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in skeletal muscle have been known to be important for muscle repair in response to non-physiological injury, predominantly in response to chemical injections that significantly damage muscle tissue and induce inflammation. The researchers, led by kinesiology and community health professor Marni Boppart, investigated whether MSCs also responded to strain during exercise, and if so, how.

“Since exercise can induce some injury as part of the remodeling process following mechanical strain, we wondered if MSC accumulation was a natural response to exercise and whether these cells contributed to the beneficial regeneration and growth process that occurs post-exercise,” said Boppart, who also is affiliated with the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the U. of I.

The researchers found that MSCs in muscle are very responsive to mechanical strain. They witnessed MSC accumulation in muscle of mice after vigorous exercise. Then, they determined that although MSCs don’t directly contribute to building new muscle fibers, they release growth factors that spur other cells in muscle to fuse and generate new muscle, providing the cellular basis for enhanced muscle health following exercise.

A key element to the Illinois team’s method was in exercising the mice before isolating the cells to trigger secretion of beneficial growth factors. Then, they dyed the cells with a fluorescent marker and injected them into other mice to see how MSCs coordinated with other muscle-building cells.

In addition to examining the cells in vivo, the researchers studied the cells’ response to strain on different substrates. They found that MSC response is very sensitive to the mechanical environment, indicating that conditions of muscle strain affect the cells’ activity.

“These findings are important because we’ve identified an adult stem cell in muscle that may provide the basis for muscle health with exercise and enhanced muscle healing with rehabilitation/movement therapy,” Boppart said. “The fact that MSCs in muscle have the potential to release high concentrations of growth factor into the circulatory system during exercise also makes us wonder if they provide a critical link between enhanced whole-body health and participation in routine physical activity.”

Next, the group hopes to determine whether these cells contribute to the decline in muscle mass over a person’s lifetime. Preliminary data suggest MSCs become deficient in muscle with age. The team hopes to develop a combinatorial therapy that utilizes molecular and stem-cell-based strategies to prevent age-related muscle loss.

“Although exercise is the best strategy for preserving muscle as we age, some individuals are just not able to effectively engage in physical activity,” Boppart said. “Disabilities can limit opportunities for muscle growth. We’re working hard to understand how we can best utilize these cells effectively to preserve muscle mass in the face of atrophy.”

The team published its findings in the journal PLoS One. The Illinois Regenerative Medicine Institute, the Ellison Medical Foundation and the Mary Jane Neer Foundation supported this work.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.illinois.edu/" target="_blank">University of Illinois</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0029760" target="_blank">PLoS ONE Study</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020712-001.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Child's Greatest Secondhand Smoke Exposure Coming From Inside Vehicles]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112468815/childs-greatest-secondhand-smoke-exposure-coming-from-inside-vehicles-cdc/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-06 10:48:41</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Anti-smoking advocates have snuffed out virtually all smoking in public places, even many outdoor public areas such as parks, and the zealots are now focusing on private vehicles with armloads of data showing they are potentially more dangerous than smoke-filled bars and other less confined areas.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[Anti-smoking advocates have snuffed out virtually all smoking in public places, even many outdoor public areas such as parks, and the zealots are now focusing on private vehicles with armloads of data showing they are potentially more dangerous than smoke-filled bars and other less confined areas, reports the Associated Press (AP).

A report from government researchers has found that more than 1 in 5 high school and middle school children are passengers in cars while others are smoking. Exposure to such secondhand smoke has been linked with breathing problems and allergy symptoms, and more restrictions are needed to prevent it, the report says.

This report, from the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was released online Monday in Pediatrics.

The National Youth Tobacco Survey was conducted nationwide in more than 20,000 kids in grades six through 12 every few years between 2000 and 2009. Brian King of the CDC and his colleagues analyzed data from the study.

Students were asked if they smoked themselves, as well as if they’d been in the car with someone who was smoking in the past week. In 2009, almost 90 percent of the youth said they didn’t smoke.

During the study period, the number of participants who reported recently being exposed to secondhand smoke in the car dropped from 48 percent to 30 percent overall. Among smokers, that rate fell from 82 percent to 76 percent, and in non-smokers, from 39 percent to 23 percent.

At the time the survey was initiated, no states had enacted comprehensive smoke-free legislation, but by mid-2011, 25 states had done so. These laws have led to significant reductions in secondhand smoke exposure, and also have encouraged voluntary smoke-free policies in homes and elsewhere, reports Nancy Walsh for MedPage Today.

“Additional factors that likely contributed to this decline in exposure include decreases in the prevalence of smoking in the United States and changes in public attitudes regarding the social acceptability of smoking near nonsmokers and children,” King and colleagues wrote.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/" target="_blank">Pediatrics</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/surveys/nyts/" target="_blank">National Youth Tobacco Survey</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020612-003.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020612-003.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[Anti-smoking advocates have snuffed out virtually all smoking in public places, even many outdoor public areas such as parks, and the zealots are now focusing on private vehicles with armloads of data showing they are potentially more dangerous than smoke-filled bars and other less confined areas, reports the Associated Press (AP).

A report from government researchers has found that more than 1 in 5 high school and middle school children are passengers in cars while others are smoking. Exposure to such secondhand smoke has been linked with breathing problems and allergy symptoms, and more restrictions are needed to prevent it, the report says.

This report, from the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was released online Monday in Pediatrics.

The National Youth Tobacco Survey was conducted nationwide in more than 20,000 kids in grades six through 12 every few years between 2000 and 2009. Brian King of the CDC and his colleagues analyzed data from the study.

Students were asked if they smoked themselves, as well as if they’d been in the car with someone who was smoking in the past week. In 2009, almost 90 percent of the youth said they didn’t smoke.

During the study period, the number of participants who reported recently being exposed to secondhand smoke in the car dropped from 48 percent to 30 percent overall. Among smokers, that rate fell from 82 percent to 76 percent, and in non-smokers, from 39 percent to 23 percent.

At the time the survey was initiated, no states had enacted comprehensive smoke-free legislation, but by mid-2011, 25 states had done so. These laws have led to significant reductions in secondhand smoke exposure, and also have encouraged voluntary smoke-free policies in homes and elsewhere, reports Nancy Walsh for MedPage Today.

“Additional factors that likely contributed to this decline in exposure include decreases in the prevalence of smoking in the United States and changes in public attitudes regarding the social acceptability of smoking near nonsmokers and children,” King and colleagues wrote.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/" target="_blank">Pediatrics</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/surveys/nyts/" target="_blank">National Youth Tobacco Survey</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020612-003.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Norovirus Hits Cruise Ship Passengers]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112468782/norovirus-hits-cruise-ship-passengers/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-06 08:28:25</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Passengers aboard a Royal Caribbean and two Carnival ocean liners fell ill with a stomach virus last week, forcing delays while the companies worked to disinfect the ships before returning to sea. ]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[Passengers aboard a Royal Caribbean and two Carnival ocean liners fell ill with a stomach virus last week, forcing delays while the companies worked to disinfect the ships before returning to sea.

Ninety passengers and 13 crew aboard Carnival’s Ruby Princess contracted Norovirus over the weekend, Julie Benson, a spokeswoman for Princess Cruises, told Reuters in a statement.

The same virus -- a contagious gastrointestinal illness that causes vomiting and diarrhea for up to three days -- was blamed for sickening 364 passengers and 30 crew aboard Carnival’s Crown Princess last week.

The Ruby Princess set sail from Fort Lauderdale, Florida on January 29 to the Caribbean and returned as scheduled on Sunday, said Benson. The Crown Princess had been sanitized and embarked on its next voyage Saturday night. The Ruby Princess was scheduled for a Sunday afternoon departure.

Passengers on both departing cruises were notified of the outbreak and cleaning, she said, and advised of protective measures. Investigators with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were on board both vessels monitoring cleaning procedures, Benson said.

A third ship, Royal’s Voyager of the Seas, was delayed in leaving a New Orleans port Saturday for a few hours while crew worked to sanitize the ship, said Port of New Orleans spokesman Chris Bonura.

The CDC notified the Louisiana port on Friday that a cruise ship may be coming in with a Norovirus outbreak, according to epidemiologist Raoult Ratard on Sunday. The CDC was not sure how many passengers on that liner were ill at the time.

Agency spokesman Tom Skinner said he could not comment immediately because the CDC inspector who had been on the Voyager on Saturday was busy checking another cruise ship in Florida on Sunday -- one of the Carnival liners.

According to a report from WDSU-TV on Sunday, about 200 passengers aboard the Voyager became ill from Norovirus, an illness that spreads quickly in close quarters such as cruise ships and nursing homes.

To put things in perspective, Ratard said, norovirus can afflict as many as 3,000 people per day in New Orleans, about the same number of people you would find on a typical ocean liner.

“In a closed space like a cruise ship, in a nursing home, in a hospital, you want to be extra careful. But the 3,000, they’re all over the place,” Ratard said.

The virus outbreak marked another setback for Carnival, which is already dealing with the financial impact of the Costa Concordia shipwreck off the coast of Italy, with 17 confirmed deaths and 15 still among the missing.

Carnival said January 30th that it would take a profit loss of nearly $175 million because of costs related to this wreck. The company has said it will release a revised full-year earnings forecast in March.

Royal Caribbean, the second-largest cruise line, warned February 2nd that it would face a dramatic drop-off in new booking due to the Carnival wreck, which could cut its earnings in half in the current quarter.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.royalcaribbean.com/home.do" target="_blank">Royal Caribbean</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.carnival.com/" target="_blank">Carnival</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.princess.com/" target="_blank">Princess Cruises</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">CDC</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.portno.com/" target="_blank">Port of New Orleans</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020612-002.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020612-002.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[Passengers aboard a Royal Caribbean and two Carnival ocean liners fell ill with a stomach virus last week, forcing delays while the companies worked to disinfect the ships before returning to sea.

Ninety passengers and 13 crew aboard Carnival’s Ruby Princess contracted Norovirus over the weekend, Julie Benson, a spokeswoman for Princess Cruises, told Reuters in a statement.

The same virus -- a contagious gastrointestinal illness that causes vomiting and diarrhea for up to three days -- was blamed for sickening 364 passengers and 30 crew aboard Carnival’s Crown Princess last week.

The Ruby Princess set sail from Fort Lauderdale, Florida on January 29 to the Caribbean and returned as scheduled on Sunday, said Benson. The Crown Princess had been sanitized and embarked on its next voyage Saturday night. The Ruby Princess was scheduled for a Sunday afternoon departure.

Passengers on both departing cruises were notified of the outbreak and cleaning, she said, and advised of protective measures. Investigators with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were on board both vessels monitoring cleaning procedures, Benson said.

A third ship, Royal’s Voyager of the Seas, was delayed in leaving a New Orleans port Saturday for a few hours while crew worked to sanitize the ship, said Port of New Orleans spokesman Chris Bonura.

The CDC notified the Louisiana port on Friday that a cruise ship may be coming in with a Norovirus outbreak, according to epidemiologist Raoult Ratard on Sunday. The CDC was not sure how many passengers on that liner were ill at the time.

Agency spokesman Tom Skinner said he could not comment immediately because the CDC inspector who had been on the Voyager on Saturday was busy checking another cruise ship in Florida on Sunday -- one of the Carnival liners.

According to a report from WDSU-TV on Sunday, about 200 passengers aboard the Voyager became ill from Norovirus, an illness that spreads quickly in close quarters such as cruise ships and nursing homes.

To put things in perspective, Ratard said, norovirus can afflict as many as 3,000 people per day in New Orleans, about the same number of people you would find on a typical ocean liner.

“In a closed space like a cruise ship, in a nursing home, in a hospital, you want to be extra careful. But the 3,000, they’re all over the place,” Ratard said.

The virus outbreak marked another setback for Carnival, which is already dealing with the financial impact of the Costa Concordia shipwreck off the coast of Italy, with 17 confirmed deaths and 15 still among the missing.

Carnival said January 30th that it would take a profit loss of nearly $175 million because of costs related to this wreck. The company has said it will release a revised full-year earnings forecast in March.

Royal Caribbean, the second-largest cruise line, warned February 2nd that it would face a dramatic drop-off in new booking due to the Carnival wreck, which could cut its earnings in half in the current quarter.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.royalcaribbean.com/home.do" target="_blank">Royal Caribbean</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.carnival.com/" target="_blank">Carnival</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.princess.com/" target="_blank">Princess Cruises</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">CDC</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.portno.com/" target="_blank">Port of New Orleans</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020612-002.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[CDC: New Recommendations For Boys And HPV Vaccine]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112468579/cdc-new-recommendations-for-boys-and-hpv-vaccine/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-06 05:57:31</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said in a recent report that it recommends all males between the ages 11 and 21 get the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine to protect against diseases and cancers. ]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said in a recent report that it recommends all males between the ages 11 and 21 get the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine to protect against diseases and cancers.

The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices said it recommends the HPV vaccine be routine for all boys.

According to the report, at least 50 percent of sexually active men and women get infected with HPV at some point, but few develop symptoms or get sick.

Some HPV infections can lead to warts, cervical cancer and other cancers, including of the head and neck.

A new study found that 16 million Americans between the ages of 14 to 69 have HPV in their mouths or throat, and most were found not to have the kind most strongly linked to cancer.

Recent estimates indicate that HPV be recommended for girls since 2006, but only 49 percent of adolescent girls have gotten at least one of the three HPV shots.

Specialists in the UK have also been urging the Department of Health to review its immunization program and offer boys the vaccine as well.

They say the vaccine ensures both sexes are protected against throat cancer, and it would greatly reduce the risk of cervical cancer in girls.

Cases of throat cancer have more than doubled to over 1,000 a year since the mid-1990s, according to recent studies.  Over 70 percent of these cases are caused by HPV.

Cancer typically takes 20 to 30 years to develop, and experts say the rise in HPV-related throat cancer is due to the sexual revolution that started in the 1960s.

The CDC also announced changes have been made to when mothers should receive the tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) booster to protect their infants.

The 2012 schedules shows women should receive the vaccine during pregnancy, preferably after 20 weeks of gestation.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">CDC</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020612-001.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020612-001.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said in a recent report that it recommends all males between the ages 11 and 21 get the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine to protect against diseases and cancers.

The CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices said it recommends the HPV vaccine be routine for all boys.

According to the report, at least 50 percent of sexually active men and women get infected with HPV at some point, but few develop symptoms or get sick.

Some HPV infections can lead to warts, cervical cancer and other cancers, including of the head and neck.

A new study found that 16 million Americans between the ages of 14 to 69 have HPV in their mouths or throat, and most were found not to have the kind most strongly linked to cancer.

Recent estimates indicate that HPV be recommended for girls since 2006, but only 49 percent of adolescent girls have gotten at least one of the three HPV shots.

Specialists in the UK have also been urging the Department of Health to review its immunization program and offer boys the vaccine as well.

They say the vaccine ensures both sexes are protected against throat cancer, and it would greatly reduce the risk of cervical cancer in girls.

Cases of throat cancer have more than doubled to over 1,000 a year since the mid-1990s, according to recent studies.  Over 70 percent of these cases are caused by HPV.

Cancer typically takes 20 to 30 years to develop, and experts say the rise in HPV-related throat cancer is due to the sexual revolution that started in the 1960s.

The CDC also announced changes have been made to when mothers should receive the tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) booster to protect their infants.

The 2012 schedules shows women should receive the vaccine during pregnancy, preferably after 20 weeks of gestation.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">CDC</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020612-001.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Egg Recall Affects 34 States]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112468515/egg-recall-affects-34-states/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-05 07:48:53</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[A Minnesota-based food company is recalling more than a million hard-cooked eggs distributed to 34 states after testing of the product revealed possible contamination from Listeria monocytogenes bacteria. ]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[A Minnesota-based food company is recalling more than a million hard-cooked eggs distributed to 34 states after testing of the product revealed possible contamination from Listeria monocytogenes bacteria.

Diane Sparish, a spokeswoman for Michael Foods, said in statement to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that 15,000 pails of eggs in brine, sold for institutional use, were being recalled due to contamination.

The FDA said the eggs were produced at the company’s Wakefield, Nebraska facility and were bought by food distributors and manufacturers and sold directly to retailers. It said on Thursday it has not received any reports of illness so far.

Listeria can cause serious and sometimes fatal infections in young children, frail and elderly people, and those with weakened immune systems. In most cases, Listeria can cause high fever, headache, stiffness, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Listeria from cantaloupes caused an outbreak last year that sickened 146 people across 28 states, according to CBS News’ HealthPop. The CDC declared that outbreak over in December.

Sparish told the Associated Press in an email that the company determined that a repair project in a packaging room at its Wakefield, Nebraska plant was the likely source of the egg contamination, and the company has taken a number of corrective steps to address the issue to prevent recurrence.

The recall affects eggs sold under the brand names Columbia Valley Farms, GFS, Glenview Farms, Papetti’s, Silverbrook and Wholesome Farms, the FDA said.

Only lot codes immediately preceded by a “1” and ending in a “W” are affected in the recall. The FDA said a recall of three lot dates was announced on Thursday, January 26, but the recall was expanded today to include additional lot dates as a precaution.

The egg recall includes the following 34 states: Alabama; Arkansas; Arizona; California; Colorado; Florida; Georgia; Iowa; Illinois; Indiana; Kansas; Kentucky; Louisiana; Michigan; Minnesota; Missouri; Mississippi; Montana; North Carolina; North Dakota; Nebraska; New Jersey; Nevada; Ohio; Oklahoma; Oregon; Pennsylvania; South Carolina; Tennessee; Texas; Utah; Washington; Wisconsin; and West Virginia.

Consumers who believe they may have purchased products affected by the recall, or who are unsure, should contact the original place of purchase, the FDA said.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.michaelfoods.com/news/newsview.cfm?PRKey=282" target="_blank">Michael Foods</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.fda.gov/" target="_blank">FDA</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">CDC</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020512-001.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020512-001.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[A Minnesota-based food company is recalling more than a million hard-cooked eggs distributed to 34 states after testing of the product revealed possible contamination from Listeria monocytogenes bacteria.

Diane Sparish, a spokeswoman for Michael Foods, said in statement to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that 15,000 pails of eggs in brine, sold for institutional use, were being recalled due to contamination.

The FDA said the eggs were produced at the company’s Wakefield, Nebraska facility and were bought by food distributors and manufacturers and sold directly to retailers. It said on Thursday it has not received any reports of illness so far.

Listeria can cause serious and sometimes fatal infections in young children, frail and elderly people, and those with weakened immune systems. In most cases, Listeria can cause high fever, headache, stiffness, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Listeria from cantaloupes caused an outbreak last year that sickened 146 people across 28 states, according to CBS News’ HealthPop. The CDC declared that outbreak over in December.

Sparish told the Associated Press in an email that the company determined that a repair project in a packaging room at its Wakefield, Nebraska plant was the likely source of the egg contamination, and the company has taken a number of corrective steps to address the issue to prevent recurrence.

The recall affects eggs sold under the brand names Columbia Valley Farms, GFS, Glenview Farms, Papetti’s, Silverbrook and Wholesome Farms, the FDA said.

Only lot codes immediately preceded by a “1” and ending in a “W” are affected in the recall. The FDA said a recall of three lot dates was announced on Thursday, January 26, but the recall was expanded today to include additional lot dates as a precaution.

The egg recall includes the following 34 states: Alabama; Arkansas; Arizona; California; Colorado; Florida; Georgia; Iowa; Illinois; Indiana; Kansas; Kentucky; Louisiana; Michigan; Minnesota; Missouri; Mississippi; Montana; North Carolina; North Dakota; Nebraska; New Jersey; Nevada; Ohio; Oklahoma; Oregon; Pennsylvania; South Carolina; Tennessee; Texas; Utah; Washington; Wisconsin; and West Virginia.

Consumers who believe they may have purchased products affected by the recall, or who are unsure, should contact the original place of purchase, the FDA said.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.michaelfoods.com/news/newsview.cfm?PRKey=282" target="_blank">Michael Foods</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.fda.gov/" target="_blank">FDA</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">CDC</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020512-001.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Komen Foundation Restores Funding to Planned Parenthood]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112468398/komen-foundation-restores-funding-to-planned-parenthood/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-04 05:08:56</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Three days after their decision to pull funding from Planned Parenthood became public knowledge, the Susan G. Komen for the Cure Foundation has promised to once again fund breast cancer screenings at the organization.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[Three days after their decision to pull funding from Planned Parenthood became public knowledge, the Susan G. Komen for the Cure Foundation has promised to once again fund breast cancer screenings at the organization, various media outlets reported on Friday.

According to David Morgan and Anna Yukhananov of Reuters, Komen, which is the "world's largest breast cancer charity" had found itself "thrust the group into America's deeply politicized debate over abortion rights" after it withdrew funding from Planned Parenthood, which "provides abortion and birth control services."

The decision, which Pam Belluck of the New York Times said had actually been made in December but did not become public until Tuesday, was reportedly the result of a rule preventing the Komen foundation to fund groups under federal, state, or local investigation.

Planned Parenthood is currently the subject of a probe by Republican Congressman Cliff Stearns of Florida, who is looking into whether or not the organization spent public money on abortion procedures, Belluck said.

In a statement released Friday and signed by Komen founder and CEO Nancy G. Brinker and the group's board of directors, they said that they wanted "to apologize to the American public for recent decisions that cast doubt upon our commitment to our mission of saving women's lives."

"Our only goal for our granting process is to support women and families in the fight against breast cancer," Brinker said in that statement, according to Stephanie Condon of CBS News. She added that they will amend the funding criteria in order to "ensure that politics has no place in our grant process."

"We will continue to fund existing grants, including those of Planned Parenthood, and preserve their eligibility to apply for future grants, while maintaining the ability of our affiliates to make funding decisions that meet the needs of their communities," the Komen founder and CEO added. "Our original desire was to fulfill our fiduciary duty to our donors by not funding grant applications made by organizations under investigation."

The decision comes after an outpouring of support for Planned Parenthood. MSNBC.com said that the organization raised more than $3 million and gained 10,000 new Facebook followers in the past three days.

CBS News added that more than two dozen Senators had called on Komen to reverse their decision, and Reuters said that among those offering their financial support to the women's health organization were New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg (who pledged a $250,000 matching grant) and Lance Armstrong's LiveStrong foundation (which announced on Friday that they were donating $100,000 to Planned Parenthood).

“In recent weeks, the treasured relationship between the Susan G. Komen for the Cure Foundation and Planned Parenthood has been challenged, and we are now heartened that we can continue to work in partnership toward our shared commitment to breast health for the most underserved women,” Planned Parenthood head Cecile Richards said in a statement, according to the New York Times.

“We are enormously grateful that the Komen foundation has clarified its grant-making criteria, and we look forward to continuing our partnership with Komen partners, leaders and volunteers," she added.

In a statement, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg, a Democrat from New Jersey, applauded the decision, saying that, "With these changes to their policy, Susan G. Komen for the Cure is depoliticizing its grant-making process and refocusing itself back on its core mission: saving women's lives."

However, Representative Kevin Brady told Reuters that he felt it was "really unfortunate" that the breast cancer group reversed their decision, saying, "To be giving grants to an organization that effectively ends so many lives -- (it) just seems to me they made the right decision before and they're making the wrong decision now."

"It’s mystifying how an organization can fully articulate sound reasons for eliminating a funding relationship, then turn around and capitulate on that reasoning within days,” added Carrie Gordon Earll of Focus on the Family, according to Belluck's report. “This is an example of how difficult it has become for organizations to take a morally principled stand. It’s also evidence of the strong-arm tactics employed by pro-abortion allies of Planned Parenthood."

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://ww5.komen.org/Default.aspx" target="_blank">Susan G. Komen for the Cure</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.plannedparenthood.org/" target="_blank">Planned Parenthood</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.stearns.house.gov/" target="_blank">Congressman Cliff Stearns</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.lautenberg.senate.gov/" target="_blank">Senator Frank R. Lautenberg</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.house.gov/brady/" target="_blank">Congressman Kevin Brady</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.focusonthefamily.com/" target="_blank">Focus on the Family</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020412-001.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020412-001.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[Three days after their decision to pull funding from Planned Parenthood became public knowledge, the Susan G. Komen for the Cure Foundation has promised to once again fund breast cancer screenings at the organization, various media outlets reported on Friday.

According to David Morgan and Anna Yukhananov of Reuters, Komen, which is the "world's largest breast cancer charity" had found itself "thrust the group into America's deeply politicized debate over abortion rights" after it withdrew funding from Planned Parenthood, which "provides abortion and birth control services."

The decision, which Pam Belluck of the New York Times said had actually been made in December but did not become public until Tuesday, was reportedly the result of a rule preventing the Komen foundation to fund groups under federal, state, or local investigation.

Planned Parenthood is currently the subject of a probe by Republican Congressman Cliff Stearns of Florida, who is looking into whether or not the organization spent public money on abortion procedures, Belluck said.

In a statement released Friday and signed by Komen founder and CEO Nancy G. Brinker and the group's board of directors, they said that they wanted "to apologize to the American public for recent decisions that cast doubt upon our commitment to our mission of saving women's lives."

"Our only goal for our granting process is to support women and families in the fight against breast cancer," Brinker said in that statement, according to Stephanie Condon of CBS News. She added that they will amend the funding criteria in order to "ensure that politics has no place in our grant process."

"We will continue to fund existing grants, including those of Planned Parenthood, and preserve their eligibility to apply for future grants, while maintaining the ability of our affiliates to make funding decisions that meet the needs of their communities," the Komen founder and CEO added. "Our original desire was to fulfill our fiduciary duty to our donors by not funding grant applications made by organizations under investigation."

The decision comes after an outpouring of support for Planned Parenthood. MSNBC.com said that the organization raised more than $3 million and gained 10,000 new Facebook followers in the past three days.

CBS News added that more than two dozen Senators had called on Komen to reverse their decision, and Reuters said that among those offering their financial support to the women's health organization were New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg (who pledged a $250,000 matching grant) and Lance Armstrong's LiveStrong foundation (which announced on Friday that they were donating $100,000 to Planned Parenthood).

“In recent weeks, the treasured relationship between the Susan G. Komen for the Cure Foundation and Planned Parenthood has been challenged, and we are now heartened that we can continue to work in partnership toward our shared commitment to breast health for the most underserved women,” Planned Parenthood head Cecile Richards said in a statement, according to the New York Times.

“We are enormously grateful that the Komen foundation has clarified its grant-making criteria, and we look forward to continuing our partnership with Komen partners, leaders and volunteers," she added.

In a statement, Senator Frank R. Lautenberg, a Democrat from New Jersey, applauded the decision, saying that, "With these changes to their policy, Susan G. Komen for the Cure is depoliticizing its grant-making process and refocusing itself back on its core mission: saving women's lives."

However, Representative Kevin Brady told Reuters that he felt it was "really unfortunate" that the breast cancer group reversed their decision, saying, "To be giving grants to an organization that effectively ends so many lives -- (it) just seems to me they made the right decision before and they're making the wrong decision now."

"It’s mystifying how an organization can fully articulate sound reasons for eliminating a funding relationship, then turn around and capitulate on that reasoning within days,” added Carrie Gordon Earll of Focus on the Family, according to Belluck's report. “This is an example of how difficult it has become for organizations to take a morally principled stand. It’s also evidence of the strong-arm tactics employed by pro-abortion allies of Planned Parenthood."

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://ww5.komen.org/Default.aspx" target="_blank">Susan G. Komen for the Cure</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.plannedparenthood.org/" target="_blank">Planned Parenthood</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.stearns.house.gov/" target="_blank">Congressman Cliff Stearns</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.lautenberg.senate.gov/" target="_blank">Senator Frank R. Lautenberg</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.house.gov/brady/" target="_blank">Congressman Kevin Brady</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.focusonthefamily.com/" target="_blank">Focus on the Family</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020412-001.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Football Concussions Caused By Series Of Hits]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112468378/football-concussions-caused-by-series-of-hits/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-04 04:27:23</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[A two-year study of high school football players suggests that concussions are likely caused by many hits over time and not from a single blow to the head, as commonly believed.

Purdue University researchers have studied football players for two seasons at Jefferson High School in Lafayette, Ind., where 21 players completed the study the first season and 24 the second season, including 16 repeating players.

Helmet-sensor impact data from each player were compared with brain-imaging scans and cognitive tests performed before, during and after each season.

"The most important implication of the new findings is the suggestion that a concussion is not just the result of a single blow, but it's really the totality of blows that took place over the season," said Eric Nauman, an associate professor of mechanical engineering and an expert in central nervous system and musculoskeletal trauma. "The one hit that brought on the concussion is arguably the straw that broke the camel's back."

Researchers evaluated players using a type of brain imaging technology called functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, along with a computer-based neurocognitive screening test. The fMRI scans reveal which parts of the brain are most active during specific tasks.

Thomas Talavage, an expert in functional neuroimaging and co-director of the Purdue MRI Facility, said the scans indicate players are adapting their mental processes to deal with brain changes.

"The changes in brain activity we are observing suggest that a player is having to use a different strategy to perform a task, and that is likely because functional capacity is reduced," Talavage said. "The level of change in the fMRI signal is significantly correlated to the number and distribution of hits that a player takes. Performance doesn't change, but brain activity changes, showing that certain areas are no longer being recruited to perform a task."

Findings, detailed in a paper to appear online in the Journal of Biomechanics, are contrary to conventional thinking.

"Most clinicians would say that if you don't have any concussion symptoms you have no problems," said Larry Leverenz, an expert in athletic training and a clinical professor of health and kinesiology. "However, we are finding that there is actually a lot of change, even when you don't have symptoms."

The paper was written by mechanical engineering graduate student Evan Breedlove, Nauman, Leverenz, Talavage, former Purdue professor of educational studies Jeffrey Gilger, biomedical engineering graduate student Meghan Robinson, health and kinesiology graduate student Katherine E. Morigaki, electrical and computer engineering graduate student Umit Yoruk, mechanical engineering undergraduate student Kyle O'Keefe, and undergraduate student in electrical and computer engineering Jeffrey King. Gilger is now a researcher at the University of California, Merced.

The research may help to determine how many blows it takes to cause impairment, which could lead to safety guidelines on limiting the number of hits a player receives per week.

"Any change in fMRI data is a concern, but we don't yet know what these changes mean, what they translate to, in terms of cognitive impairment," Breedlove said.

A common assumption in sports medicine is that certain people are innately more susceptible to head injury. However, the new findings suggest the number of hits received during the course of a season is the most important factor, Talavage said.

"Over the two seasons we had six concussed players, but 17 of the players showed brain changes even though they did not have concussions," Talavage said. "There is good correlation with the number of hits players received, but we need more subjects."

The researchers have expanded the study to include an additional high school football team and girls' soccer.

"We want to increase the number of football players in the study and also include soccer to study athletes who don't wear head protection," Nauman said. "We also want to include girls to see whether they are affected differently than boys."

The research findings represent a dilemma because they suggest athletes may suffer a form of injury that is difficult to diagnose.

"This might be especially important in young people because the brain is still developing, so even though subtle unexpressed damage doesn't manifest as a concussion it could affect the brain later in life," Gilger said.

Changes were seen in regions of the brain that have been associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive degenerative disease found in people who suffer numerous concussions and other forms of head injury.

"This is still circumstantial evidence, but it suggests that whether you are concussed or not your brain is changing as a result of all these hits, and the regions most affected are the ones that exhibit CTE," Nauman said.

Players in the study received from 200 to nearly 1,900 hits to the head in a single season, with two players exceeding 1,800 hits. Helmet-sensor data indicated impact forces to the head ranged from 20 Gs to more than 100 Gs.

"The worst hit we've seen was almost 300 Gs," Nauman said.

A soccer player "heading" a ball experiences an impact of about 20 Gs.

Findings could aid efforts to develop more sensitive and accurate methods to detect cognitive impairment and concussions; more accurately characterize and model cognitive deficits that result from head impacts; determine the cellular basis for cognitive deficits after a single impact or repeated impacts; and develop new interventions to reduce the risk and effects of head impacts.

"Now that we know there is definitely a buildup of damage before the concussion occurs, ultimately, there is hope that we can do more to prevent concussions," Nauman said.

The work is ongoing and supported with grants from the Indiana State Department of Health's Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Fund, General Electric Healthcare, the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, and through the National Science Foundation and National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowships.

Researchers also will follow the case studies of players who take the most hits to see if there is evidence of permanent changes in brain structure using MRI scans.

The research group, called the Purdue Neurotrauma Group (PNG), also is studying ways to reduce traumatic brain injury in soldiers who suffer concussions caused by shock waves from explosions.

---

<strong>Image 1: Members of the Jefferson High School football team, seen here during a practice last season, were monitored in research to learn how impacts to the head affect brain function. (Purdue University file photo/Andrew Hancock)

Image 2: Brain scans show differences among high school football players in a two-year study that suggests concussions are likely caused by many hits over time and not from a single blow to the head, as commonly believed. (Purdue University image/Thomas Talavage)</strong>

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.purdue.edu/" target="_blank">Purdue University</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/ME/People/ptProfile?id=12186" target="_blank">Eric Nauman</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECE/People/profile?resource_id=3304" target="_blank">Thomas Talavage</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.jbiomech.com/" target="_blank">Journal of Biomechanics</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.cla.purdue.edu/hk/directory/Faculty/leverenz.html" target="_blank">Larry Leverenz</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://spin.ecn.purdue.edu/png" target="_blank">Purdue Neurotrauma Group (PNG)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.purdue.edu/differencemakers/sports.html" target="_blank">Purdue Sports and Society Difference Makers</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020412-001a.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020412-001a.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[A two-year study of high school football players suggests that concussions are likely caused by many hits over time and not from a single blow to the head, as commonly believed.

Purdue University researchers have studied football players for two seasons at Jefferson High School in Lafayette, Ind., where 21 players completed the study the first season and 24 the second season, including 16 repeating players.

Helmet-sensor impact data from each player were compared with brain-imaging scans and cognitive tests performed before, during and after each season.

"The most important implication of the new findings is the suggestion that a concussion is not just the result of a single blow, but it's really the totality of blows that took place over the season," said Eric Nauman, an associate professor of mechanical engineering and an expert in central nervous system and musculoskeletal trauma. "The one hit that brought on the concussion is arguably the straw that broke the camel's back."

Researchers evaluated players using a type of brain imaging technology called functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, along with a computer-based neurocognitive screening test. The fMRI scans reveal which parts of the brain are most active during specific tasks.

Thomas Talavage, an expert in functional neuroimaging and co-director of the Purdue MRI Facility, said the scans indicate players are adapting their mental processes to deal with brain changes.

"The changes in brain activity we are observing suggest that a player is having to use a different strategy to perform a task, and that is likely because functional capacity is reduced," Talavage said. "The level of change in the fMRI signal is significantly correlated to the number and distribution of hits that a player takes. Performance doesn't change, but brain activity changes, showing that certain areas are no longer being recruited to perform a task."

Findings, detailed in a paper to appear online in the Journal of Biomechanics, are contrary to conventional thinking.

"Most clinicians would say that if you don't have any concussion symptoms you have no problems," said Larry Leverenz, an expert in athletic training and a clinical professor of health and kinesiology. "However, we are finding that there is actually a lot of change, even when you don't have symptoms."

The paper was written by mechanical engineering graduate student Evan Breedlove, Nauman, Leverenz, Talavage, former Purdue professor of educational studies Jeffrey Gilger, biomedical engineering graduate student Meghan Robinson, health and kinesiology graduate student Katherine E. Morigaki, electrical and computer engineering graduate student Umit Yoruk, mechanical engineering undergraduate student Kyle O'Keefe, and undergraduate student in electrical and computer engineering Jeffrey King. Gilger is now a researcher at the University of California, Merced.

The research may help to determine how many blows it takes to cause impairment, which could lead to safety guidelines on limiting the number of hits a player receives per week.

"Any change in fMRI data is a concern, but we don't yet know what these changes mean, what they translate to, in terms of cognitive impairment," Breedlove said.

A common assumption in sports medicine is that certain people are innately more susceptible to head injury. However, the new findings suggest the number of hits received during the course of a season is the most important factor, Talavage said.

"Over the two seasons we had six concussed players, but 17 of the players showed brain changes even though they did not have concussions," Talavage said. "There is good correlation with the number of hits players received, but we need more subjects."

The researchers have expanded the study to include an additional high school football team and girls' soccer.

"We want to increase the number of football players in the study and also include soccer to study athletes who don't wear head protection," Nauman said. "We also want to include girls to see whether they are affected differently than boys."

The research findings represent a dilemma because they suggest athletes may suffer a form of injury that is difficult to diagnose.

"This might be especially important in young people because the brain is still developing, so even though subtle unexpressed damage doesn't manifest as a concussion it could affect the brain later in life," Gilger said.

Changes were seen in regions of the brain that have been associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive degenerative disease found in people who suffer numerous concussions and other forms of head injury.

"This is still circumstantial evidence, but it suggests that whether you are concussed or not your brain is changing as a result of all these hits, and the regions most affected are the ones that exhibit CTE," Nauman said.

Players in the study received from 200 to nearly 1,900 hits to the head in a single season, with two players exceeding 1,800 hits. Helmet-sensor data indicated impact forces to the head ranged from 20 Gs to more than 100 Gs.

"The worst hit we've seen was almost 300 Gs," Nauman said.

A soccer player "heading" a ball experiences an impact of about 20 Gs.

Findings could aid efforts to develop more sensitive and accurate methods to detect cognitive impairment and concussions; more accurately characterize and model cognitive deficits that result from head impacts; determine the cellular basis for cognitive deficits after a single impact or repeated impacts; and develop new interventions to reduce the risk and effects of head impacts.

"Now that we know there is definitely a buildup of damage before the concussion occurs, ultimately, there is hope that we can do more to prevent concussions," Nauman said.

The work is ongoing and supported with grants from the Indiana State Department of Health's Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Fund, General Electric Healthcare, the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, and through the National Science Foundation and National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowships.

Researchers also will follow the case studies of players who take the most hits to see if there is evidence of permanent changes in brain structure using MRI scans.

The research group, called the Purdue Neurotrauma Group (PNG), also is studying ways to reduce traumatic brain injury in soldiers who suffer concussions caused by shock waves from explosions.

---

<strong>Image 1: Members of the Jefferson High School football team, seen here during a practice last season, were monitored in research to learn how impacts to the head affect brain function. (Purdue University file photo/Andrew Hancock)

Image 2: Brain scans show differences among high school football players in a two-year study that suggests concussions are likely caused by many hits over time and not from a single blow to the head, as commonly believed. (Purdue University image/Thomas Talavage)</strong>

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.purdue.edu/" target="_blank">Purdue University</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/ME/People/ptProfile?id=12186" target="_blank">Eric Nauman</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECE/People/profile?resource_id=3304" target="_blank">Thomas Talavage</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.jbiomech.com/" target="_blank">Journal of Biomechanics</a></li>
	<li><a href="https://www.cla.purdue.edu/hk/directory/Faculty/leverenz.html" target="_blank">Larry Leverenz</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://spin.ecn.purdue.edu/png" target="_blank">Purdue Neurotrauma Group (PNG)</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.purdue.edu/differencemakers/sports.html" target="_blank">Purdue Sports and Society Difference Makers</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/healthpress-020412-001a.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Study Highlights Potential Link Between ADHD and Anesthesia]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112468088/study-highlights-potential-link-between-adhd-and-anesthesia/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-03 13:49:53</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[According to a new study from a leading U.S. medical research center, children are more likely to develop attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) if they receive anesthesia more than once at a young age. ]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[According to a new study from a leading U.S. medical research center, children are more likely to develop attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) if they receive anesthesia more than once at a young age.

ADHD is a developmental disorder that typically appears in children before the age of seven. As the name indicates, it is usually characterized by a combination of hyperactivity, inability to concentrate on single tasks and difficulty controlling impulsive behavior.

Scientists at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota found that children who underwent anesthesia multiple times before age 3 went on to develop ADHD more than two and a half times as often as kids who had never received anesthesia.

According to the researchers, this study is just one of many in recent years to draw attention to the adverse effects of anesthesia on the developing mammalian brain.

One of the study’s co-authors Dr. David Warner noted that the team was initially unsure whether their results would square with those of other recent studies focusing on the long-term cognitive effects of anesthesia.

“We were skeptical that the findings in animals would correlate with kids, but it appears that it does,” said Warner, a pediatric anesthesiologist at the Mayo Clinic.

The research team scoured the medical records of nearly 5,300 children born between 1976 and 1982. After identifying 341 children who had been diagnosed with ADHD, they ploughed deeper into the data to determine how many of these children had received anesthesia prior to age 3.

What they found was a significant differential between ADHD and non-ADHD children: Roughly 7 percent of the children who had not been exposed to anesthesia before age 3 had gone on to develop ADHD compared with 18 percent of those who had.

Yet despite the strong correlation between the ADHD and receiving anesthesia at a young age, Warner was quick to point out that their results do not prove that anesthesia causes ADHD.

“A wide range of other factors might be responsible for the higher frequency of ADHD in children with multiple exposures,” he said.

“We need to do more work to confirm whether this is really a problem in children or not,” Warner added. “We can’t exclude there is a problem, but we also haven’t determined there is a problem.”

Dr. Deborah Culley of Harvard Medical School agrees.

In an editorial piece that appeared Thursday alongside Warner’s study in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Culley wrote a word of caution to pediatric physicians who might be tempted to precipitously change their practices based on the results of this study.

“The decision to proceed with surgery with anesthesia in an infant is best made based on what is known about the indications for—and benefits of—the procedure and general anesthetic, rather than what is unknown but feared,” she cautioned.

Culley added that doctors should nonetheless always exercise parsimony in striving to keep infants’ exposure to anesthesia to a bare, if necessary, minimum.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/" target="_blank">Mayo Clinic</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://hms.harvard.edu/hms/home.asp" target="_blank">Harvard Medical School</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/" target="_blank">Mayo Clinic Proceedings</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020312-003.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020312-003.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[According to a new study from a leading U.S. medical research center, children are more likely to develop attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) if they receive anesthesia more than once at a young age.

ADHD is a developmental disorder that typically appears in children before the age of seven. As the name indicates, it is usually characterized by a combination of hyperactivity, inability to concentrate on single tasks and difficulty controlling impulsive behavior.

Scientists at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota found that children who underwent anesthesia multiple times before age 3 went on to develop ADHD more than two and a half times as often as kids who had never received anesthesia.

According to the researchers, this study is just one of many in recent years to draw attention to the adverse effects of anesthesia on the developing mammalian brain.

One of the study’s co-authors Dr. David Warner noted that the team was initially unsure whether their results would square with those of other recent studies focusing on the long-term cognitive effects of anesthesia.

“We were skeptical that the findings in animals would correlate with kids, but it appears that it does,” said Warner, a pediatric anesthesiologist at the Mayo Clinic.

The research team scoured the medical records of nearly 5,300 children born between 1976 and 1982. After identifying 341 children who had been diagnosed with ADHD, they ploughed deeper into the data to determine how many of these children had received anesthesia prior to age 3.

What they found was a significant differential between ADHD and non-ADHD children: Roughly 7 percent of the children who had not been exposed to anesthesia before age 3 had gone on to develop ADHD compared with 18 percent of those who had.

Yet despite the strong correlation between the ADHD and receiving anesthesia at a young age, Warner was quick to point out that their results do not prove that anesthesia causes ADHD.

“A wide range of other factors might be responsible for the higher frequency of ADHD in children with multiple exposures,” he said.

“We need to do more work to confirm whether this is really a problem in children or not,” Warner added. “We can’t exclude there is a problem, but we also haven’t determined there is a problem.”

Dr. Deborah Culley of Harvard Medical School agrees.

In an editorial piece that appeared Thursday alongside Warner’s study in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Culley wrote a word of caution to pediatric physicians who might be tempted to precipitously change their practices based on the results of this study.

“The decision to proceed with surgery with anesthesia in an infant is best made based on what is known about the indications for—and benefits of—the procedure and general anesthetic, rather than what is unknown but feared,” she cautioned.

Culley added that doctors should nonetheless always exercise parsimony in striving to keep infants’ exposure to anesthesia to a bare, if necessary, minimum.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/" target="_blank">Mayo Clinic</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://hms.harvard.edu/hms/home.asp" target="_blank">Harvard Medical School</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/" target="_blank">Mayo Clinic Proceedings</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020312-003.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Lancet Study: Malaria Death Rates Higher Than Expected]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112467938/lancet-study-malaria-death-rates-higher-than-expected/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-03 11:25:38</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[A new probe into the perils of malaria has found that 1.2 million people die each year from the disease, 50 percent more than previously thought, and 42 percent of those numbers occur in older children and adults.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[A new probe into the perils of malaria has found that 1.2 million people die each year from the disease, 50 percent more than previously thought, and 42 percent of those numbers occur in older children and adults, railroading long-believed assumptions that mainly young children die from the disease.

The new research, conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington, states that, even so, the number of deaths has fallen drastically due to efforts to combat the disease in recent years.

IMHE researchers said that deaths from malaria have been missed in previous studies because of the assumption that mainly young children under the age of 5 died from the disease. But IMHE found that more than 78,000 children aged 5 to 14, and more than 145,000 people ages 15 and older have died from malaria in 2010, meaning 42 percent of all malaria-related deaths were in those 5 and older.

“You learn in medical school that people exposed to malaria as children develop immunity and rarely die from malaria as adults,” said Dr. Christopher Murray, IHME Director and the study’s lead author. “What we have found in hospital records, death records, surveys and other sources shows that just is not the case.”

Published in the British medical journal The Lancet, the study suggests 1.24 million people died from the mosquito-borne disease in 2010. This is nearly twice the estimated malaria-related death toll of 655,000 that the World Health Organization previously released.

Using an analysis of reports from 1980 to 2010, IMHE concluded that worldwide deaths from malaria had risen from 995,000 in 1980 to a peak of around 1.82 million in 2004, before falling to 1.24 million in 2010.

Researchers say the biggest drivers of the decline in malaria deaths have been the increase in the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and a new class of better drugs. This process was accomplished with the support of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Malaria &amp; Tuberculosis in 2001 and the creation of organizations focused on fighting malaria, such as the WHO’s Roll Back Malaria, Malaria No More and Nothing But Nets. Funding for the fight against malaria has grown from less than $250 million annually in 2001 to more than $2 billion in 2009, according to IMHE reports.

The researchers said malaria eradication was not a short-term fix. But if the decrease in deaths continues as it has from the 2004 peak, “malaria mortality will decrease to less than 100,000 deaths only after 2020,” they wrote.

“We have seen a huge increase in both funding and in policy attention given to malaria over the past decade, and it’s having a real impact,” said Dr. Alan Lopez, head of the School of Population Health at the University of Queensland and a study coauthor. “Reliably demonstrating just how big an impact is important to drive further investments in malaria control programs. This makes it even more critical for us to generate accurate estimates for all deaths, not just in young children and not just in sub-Saharan Africa.”

One of the most important factors in identifying new estimates of malaria deaths was the use of verbal autopsy data. Researchers interview relatives of someone who recently died to identify the cause of death. Verbal autopsy data were especially important in India, where malaria deaths have been hugely undercounted in both children and adults. IMHE found that more than 37,000 people over the age of 15 in India died from malaria in 2010.

“Right now we don't actually have any reliable primary numbers for malaria deaths in some of the most malaria-infected regions of the world, so what numbers we have come from estimates,” Richard Horton, editor for The Lancet, told BBC News. “What this paper reports is a new way of estimating the number of malaria deaths, where they’ve used additional data sets and improved mathematical models from calculating mortality.”

Fighting malaria has made much progress in places such as Tanzania and Zambia, which has seen deaths drop dramatically between 2004 and 2010. In Africa overall, the progress has been significant, given that malaria deaths there accounted for 25 percent of all deaths in children under age 5 in 2010.

“We have seen a huge increase in both funding and in policy attention given to malaria over the past decade, and it's having real impact,” said Lopez.

But researchers warn that those gains could be reversed if global economic troubles continue to hold back funding efforts. IHME reported in December that growth in development assistance for health had slowed greatly between 2009 and 2011. The announcement by the Global Fund in November that it would cancel its next round of funding casts a cloud over the future of malaria programs, the researchers note.

“There has been a rapid decrease in malaria mortality in Africa because of the scaling up of control activities supported by international donors,” the study said. “Donor support, however, needs to be increased if malaria elimination and eradication and broader health and development goals are to be met.”

“If the Global Fund is weakened, the world could lose 40 percent of all the funding dedicated to fighting malaria,” said Stephen Lim, Associate Professor of Global Health at IHME and a co-author on the study. “That kind of loss of funding poses a definite threat to the health of people in countries with a high malaria burden, which in many cases are some of the poorest countries in the world. We need to think of ways to fill funding deficits in order to insure continued progress on malaria mortality.”

The research was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/" target="_blank">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/" target="_blank">The Lancet</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/" target="_blank">Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Malaria &amp; Tuberculosis</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.rbm.who.int/" target="_blank">WHO Roll Back Malaria</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.malarianomore.org/" target="_blank">Malaria No More</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.nothingbutnets.net/" target="_blank">Nothing But Nets</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Pages/home.aspx" target="_blank">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020312-002.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020312-002.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[A new probe into the perils of malaria has found that 1.2 million people die each year from the disease, 50 percent more than previously thought, and 42 percent of those numbers occur in older children and adults, railroading long-believed assumptions that mainly young children die from the disease.

The new research, conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington, states that, even so, the number of deaths has fallen drastically due to efforts to combat the disease in recent years.

IMHE researchers said that deaths from malaria have been missed in previous studies because of the assumption that mainly young children under the age of 5 died from the disease. But IMHE found that more than 78,000 children aged 5 to 14, and more than 145,000 people ages 15 and older have died from malaria in 2010, meaning 42 percent of all malaria-related deaths were in those 5 and older.

“You learn in medical school that people exposed to malaria as children develop immunity and rarely die from malaria as adults,” said Dr. Christopher Murray, IHME Director and the study’s lead author. “What we have found in hospital records, death records, surveys and other sources shows that just is not the case.”

Published in the British medical journal The Lancet, the study suggests 1.24 million people died from the mosquito-borne disease in 2010. This is nearly twice the estimated malaria-related death toll of 655,000 that the World Health Organization previously released.

Using an analysis of reports from 1980 to 2010, IMHE concluded that worldwide deaths from malaria had risen from 995,000 in 1980 to a peak of around 1.82 million in 2004, before falling to 1.24 million in 2010.

Researchers say the biggest drivers of the decline in malaria deaths have been the increase in the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and a new class of better drugs. This process was accomplished with the support of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Malaria &amp; Tuberculosis in 2001 and the creation of organizations focused on fighting malaria, such as the WHO’s Roll Back Malaria, Malaria No More and Nothing But Nets. Funding for the fight against malaria has grown from less than $250 million annually in 2001 to more than $2 billion in 2009, according to IMHE reports.

The researchers said malaria eradication was not a short-term fix. But if the decrease in deaths continues as it has from the 2004 peak, “malaria mortality will decrease to less than 100,000 deaths only after 2020,” they wrote.

“We have seen a huge increase in both funding and in policy attention given to malaria over the past decade, and it’s having a real impact,” said Dr. Alan Lopez, head of the School of Population Health at the University of Queensland and a study coauthor. “Reliably demonstrating just how big an impact is important to drive further investments in malaria control programs. This makes it even more critical for us to generate accurate estimates for all deaths, not just in young children and not just in sub-Saharan Africa.”

One of the most important factors in identifying new estimates of malaria deaths was the use of verbal autopsy data. Researchers interview relatives of someone who recently died to identify the cause of death. Verbal autopsy data were especially important in India, where malaria deaths have been hugely undercounted in both children and adults. IMHE found that more than 37,000 people over the age of 15 in India died from malaria in 2010.

“Right now we don't actually have any reliable primary numbers for malaria deaths in some of the most malaria-infected regions of the world, so what numbers we have come from estimates,” Richard Horton, editor for The Lancet, told BBC News. “What this paper reports is a new way of estimating the number of malaria deaths, where they’ve used additional data sets and improved mathematical models from calculating mortality.”

Fighting malaria has made much progress in places such as Tanzania and Zambia, which has seen deaths drop dramatically between 2004 and 2010. In Africa overall, the progress has been significant, given that malaria deaths there accounted for 25 percent of all deaths in children under age 5 in 2010.

“We have seen a huge increase in both funding and in policy attention given to malaria over the past decade, and it's having real impact,” said Lopez.

But researchers warn that those gains could be reversed if global economic troubles continue to hold back funding efforts. IHME reported in December that growth in development assistance for health had slowed greatly between 2009 and 2011. The announcement by the Global Fund in November that it would cancel its next round of funding casts a cloud over the future of malaria programs, the researchers note.

“There has been a rapid decrease in malaria mortality in Africa because of the scaling up of control activities supported by international donors,” the study said. “Donor support, however, needs to be increased if malaria elimination and eradication and broader health and development goals are to be met.”

“If the Global Fund is weakened, the world could lose 40 percent of all the funding dedicated to fighting malaria,” said Stephen Lim, Associate Professor of Global Health at IHME and a co-author on the study. “That kind of loss of funding poses a definite threat to the health of people in countries with a high malaria burden, which in many cases are some of the poorest countries in the world. We need to think of ways to fill funding deficits in order to insure continued progress on malaria mortality.”

The research was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/" target="_blank">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/" target="_blank">The Lancet</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/" target="_blank">Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Malaria &amp; Tuberculosis</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.rbm.who.int/" target="_blank">WHO Roll Back Malaria</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.malarianomore.org/" target="_blank">Malaria No More</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.nothingbutnets.net/" target="_blank">Nothing But Nets</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Pages/home.aspx" target="_blank">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020312-002.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Siblings Of Addicts Wired For Addiction]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112467790/siblings-of-addicts-wired-for-addiction/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-03 06:13:13</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[Scientists have discovered that addicts and their siblings have the same disorders in the brain, meaning both are wired for addictive behavior.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[Scientists have discovered that addicts and their siblings have the same disorders in the brain, meaning both are wired for addictive behavior.

However, the siblings that do not exhibit addictive tendencies give researchers hope that addiction can be cured.

Paul Keedwell, a consultant psychiatrist from Britain’s Cardiff University who was not involved in the study, told Reuters: “If we could get a handle on what makes unaffected relatives of addicts so resilient we might be able to prevent a lot of addiction from taking hold.”

Collecting data on drug addicts is difficult since they typically live on the fringes of society. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 15.3 million people globally who have drug problems and 148 countries report problems with injected drug use.

Scientists know that drug abusers have differences in their brains, but they were not sure if the drugs affected the brain or if the differences were already there before drug use.

The researchers worked around this problem by studying the brains of 50 crack addicts and their non-addict siblings and then comparing the results to the brains of other healthy people.

The scientists found that the brains of the non-addicted siblings had the same abnormalities in the part of the brain that controls behavior, the fronto-striatal systems.

According to Karen Ersche, the lead researcher, “It has long been known that not everyone who takes drugs becomes addicted, and that people at risk of drug dependence typically have deficits in self-control. Our finding now shed light on why the risk of becoming addicted to drugs is increased in people with a family history…Parts of their brains underlying self-control abilities work less efficiently.”

The results of the research is published in the journal Science.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/" target="_blank">Science</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020312-001a.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020312-001a.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[Scientists have discovered that addicts and their siblings have the same disorders in the brain, meaning both are wired for addictive behavior.

However, the siblings that do not exhibit addictive tendencies give researchers hope that addiction can be cured.

Paul Keedwell, a consultant psychiatrist from Britain’s Cardiff University who was not involved in the study, told Reuters: “If we could get a handle on what makes unaffected relatives of addicts so resilient we might be able to prevent a lot of addiction from taking hold.”

Collecting data on drug addicts is difficult since they typically live on the fringes of society. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 15.3 million people globally who have drug problems and 148 countries report problems with injected drug use.

Scientists know that drug abusers have differences in their brains, but they were not sure if the drugs affected the brain or if the differences were already there before drug use.

The researchers worked around this problem by studying the brains of 50 crack addicts and their non-addict siblings and then comparing the results to the brains of other healthy people.

The scientists found that the brains of the non-addicted siblings had the same abnormalities in the part of the brain that controls behavior, the fronto-striatal systems.

According to Karen Ersche, the lead researcher, “It has long been known that not everyone who takes drugs becomes addicted, and that people at risk of drug dependence typically have deficits in self-control. Our finding now shed light on why the risk of becoming addicted to drugs is increased in people with a family history…Parts of their brains underlying self-control abilities work less efficiently.”

The results of the research is published in the journal Science.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/" target="_blank">Science</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020312-001a.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[People-Pleasers More Likely To Overeat  ]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112467487/people-pleasers-more-likely-to-overeat/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-02 13:33:22</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[A recent U.S.-based study indicates that people who aim to please others are also more likely to overeat at parties or social gatherings.

On account of an acute sensitivity to the feelings of others, the report found that these people tend to eat, and eat not because they’re hungry but because they believe it will put others at ease.

As the study’s lead author Julie Exline, a psychologist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, explained: “They don’t want to rock the boat or upset the sense of social harmony.”

The results of her research, published this week in the Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, point to a sense of social pressure—whether real or imagined—that drives people-pleasers to continue eating so as not to be outdone by those around them.

“If we look back later and feel like we’ve given into social pressure, we often regret those choices […] Those who overeat in order to please others tend to regret their choices later. It doesn’t feel good to give in to social pressures,” wrote Exline.

The study suggests that people with this personality type are also more likely to be uncomfortable or experience feelings of guilt if they outperform their peers at tasks like work or sports.

For the study, Exline’s team had 101 college students fill out questionnaires designed to help the researchers single-out people-pleasing subjects.

After identifying students with a proclivity for people-pleasing, the entire group was then asked to wait and mingle while an actor hired for the experiment handed around a bowl full of M&amp;Ms.

Exline’s team reported that people who they had identified as people-pleasers had a tendency to gobble up more of the sweets than others.

“People-pleasers feel more intense pressure to eat when they believe that their eating will help another person feel more comfortable,” explained Exline.

“Almost everyone has been in a situation in which they’ve felt this pressure, but people-pleasers seem especially sensitive to it.”

And with a number of previous studies indicating that people who don’t eat at social gatherings tend to be perceived as unsocial, it seems that the pressure to eat is not entirely imagined.

Exline suggests that people with a heightened social sensitivity need to learn to consciously strike a balance rather than just reacting automatically to that pressure.

“Sometimes it makes sense to go along with the groove—you don’t want to hurt grandma’s feelings [and] it’s not a big deal if grandma cooks you a big dinner once a year. But if you live with grandma, it could be a problem,” she said.

“The trick is to be thoughtful about choices rather than going on autopilot.”

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.case.edu/" target="_blank">Case Western Reserve University</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.guilford.com/cgi-bin/cartscript.cgi?page=pr/jnsc.htm&amp;dir=periodicals/per_psych&amp;cart_id=" target="_blank">Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020212-005.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020212-005.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[A recent U.S.-based study indicates that people who aim to please others are also more likely to overeat at parties or social gatherings.

On account of an acute sensitivity to the feelings of others, the report found that these people tend to eat, and eat not because they’re hungry but because they believe it will put others at ease.

As the study’s lead author Julie Exline, a psychologist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, explained: “They don’t want to rock the boat or upset the sense of social harmony.”

The results of her research, published this week in the Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, point to a sense of social pressure—whether real or imagined—that drives people-pleasers to continue eating so as not to be outdone by those around them.

“If we look back later and feel like we’ve given into social pressure, we often regret those choices […] Those who overeat in order to please others tend to regret their choices later. It doesn’t feel good to give in to social pressures,” wrote Exline.

The study suggests that people with this personality type are also more likely to be uncomfortable or experience feelings of guilt if they outperform their peers at tasks like work or sports.

For the study, Exline’s team had 101 college students fill out questionnaires designed to help the researchers single-out people-pleasing subjects.

After identifying students with a proclivity for people-pleasing, the entire group was then asked to wait and mingle while an actor hired for the experiment handed around a bowl full of M&amp;Ms.

Exline’s team reported that people who they had identified as people-pleasers had a tendency to gobble up more of the sweets than others.

“People-pleasers feel more intense pressure to eat when they believe that their eating will help another person feel more comfortable,” explained Exline.

“Almost everyone has been in a situation in which they’ve felt this pressure, but people-pleasers seem especially sensitive to it.”

And with a number of previous studies indicating that people who don’t eat at social gatherings tend to be perceived as unsocial, it seems that the pressure to eat is not entirely imagined.

Exline suggests that people with a heightened social sensitivity need to learn to consciously strike a balance rather than just reacting automatically to that pressure.

“Sometimes it makes sense to go along with the groove—you don’t want to hurt grandma’s feelings [and] it’s not a big deal if grandma cooks you a big dinner once a year. But if you live with grandma, it could be a problem,” she said.

“The trick is to be thoughtful about choices rather than going on autopilot.”

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.case.edu/" target="_blank">Case Western Reserve University</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.guilford.com/cgi-bin/cartscript.cgi?page=pr/jnsc.htm&amp;dir=periodicals/per_psych&amp;cart_id=" target="_blank">Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020212-005.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Taco Bell Linked To 2011 Salmonella Outbreak]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112467483/taco-bell-linked-to-2011-salmonella-outbreak/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-02 13:23:57</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[The Mexican fast food chain Taco Bell has now been connected to an outbreak of salmonella that occurred in October and November of last year and affected some 68 people across 10 states.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[The Mexican fast food chain Taco Bell has now been connected to an outbreak of salmonella that occurred in October and November of last year and affected some 68 people across 10 states, according to a report published by the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

While the CDC had for legal reasons initially refused to positively identify the food chain under investigation—calling it instead simply “Restaurant A” in its initial reports—Food Safety News reported on Thursday that the suspect chain was in fact Taco Bell, citing official documentation obtained from the Oklahoma State Department of Health.

Drawing on information from a January 19 CDC report, Taco Bell has said it believes that the infected food most likely originated at the supplier level and was not due to any unsafe practices in the restaurants themselves.

“We take food quality and safety very seriously,” read a press release from the company Wednesday evening.

Investigators believe that the surge of salmonella infections began in mid-October and continued through November. There were illnesses related to the food-borne bacteria reported in states as geographically dispersed as Texas, Michigan, New Mexico, Ohio, Tennessee, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri and Oklahoma—one of several factors that led investigators to believe that the problem occurred at the supply level before the questionable food even made it into restaurants.

No deaths were reported roughly a third of the affected patients had to hospitalized, according to the CDC.

The CDC estimates that approximately one in six Americans become ill each year from food-borne contagions, of which approximately 3,000 result in death.

Salmonella infections typically last four to seven days and are usually accompanied by fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea and vomiting.

The Taco Bell brand has suffered in recent years thanks to a series of bacterial outbreaks.

In 2006, some 71 people became infected with a strain of E. coli that the CDC said originated in a batch of contaminated lettuce served by Taco Bell restaurants in the northeastern United States.

And in 2010, the Mexican restaurant was also linked to two large salmonella outbreaks that sickened over 150 people across 21 states.

As if the bacterial outbreaks weren’t damaging enough to the fast-food chain’s image, the 2011 outbreak came hard on the heels of a flippant but reputation-damaging lawsuit over the content of the restaurant’s ground beef.

Taco Bell is a subsidiary of Yum Brand Inc, the world’s largest fast food restaurant corporation. The Fortune 500 company also licenses or operates KFC, Pizza Hut and WingStreet.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.tacobell.com/" target="_blank">Taco Bell</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">CDC</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.foodsafetynews.com/" target="_blank">Food Safety News</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.ok.gov/health/" target="_blank">Oklahoma State Department of Health</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.yum.com/" target="_blank">Yum Brand Inc</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
	<wfw:commentRss></wfw:commentRss>
	<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020212-004.jpg" />
	<media:content url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020212-004.jpg" type="image/jpeg">
		<media:text><![CDATA[The Mexican fast food chain Taco Bell has now been connected to an outbreak of salmonella that occurred in October and November of last year and affected some 68 people across 10 states, according to a report published by the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

While the CDC had for legal reasons initially refused to positively identify the food chain under investigation—calling it instead simply “Restaurant A” in its initial reports—Food Safety News reported on Thursday that the suspect chain was in fact Taco Bell, citing official documentation obtained from the Oklahoma State Department of Health.

Drawing on information from a January 19 CDC report, Taco Bell has said it believes that the infected food most likely originated at the supplier level and was not due to any unsafe practices in the restaurants themselves.

“We take food quality and safety very seriously,” read a press release from the company Wednesday evening.

Investigators believe that the surge of salmonella infections began in mid-October and continued through November. There were illnesses related to the food-borne bacteria reported in states as geographically dispersed as Texas, Michigan, New Mexico, Ohio, Tennessee, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri and Oklahoma—one of several factors that led investigators to believe that the problem occurred at the supply level before the questionable food even made it into restaurants.

No deaths were reported roughly a third of the affected patients had to hospitalized, according to the CDC.

The CDC estimates that approximately one in six Americans become ill each year from food-borne contagions, of which approximately 3,000 result in death.

Salmonella infections typically last four to seven days and are usually accompanied by fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea and vomiting.

The Taco Bell brand has suffered in recent years thanks to a series of bacterial outbreaks.

In 2006, some 71 people became infected with a strain of E. coli that the CDC said originated in a batch of contaminated lettuce served by Taco Bell restaurants in the northeastern United States.

And in 2010, the Mexican restaurant was also linked to two large salmonella outbreaks that sickened over 150 people across 21 states.

As if the bacterial outbreaks weren’t damaging enough to the fast-food chain’s image, the 2011 outbreak came hard on the heels of a flippant but reputation-damaging lawsuit over the content of the restaurant’s ground beef.

Taco Bell is a subsidiary of Yum Brand Inc, the world’s largest fast food restaurant corporation. The Fortune 500 company also licenses or operates KFC, Pizza Hut and WingStreet.

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.tacobell.com/" target="_blank">Taco Bell</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank">CDC</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.foodsafetynews.com/" target="_blank">Food Safety News</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.ok.gov/health/" target="_blank">Oklahoma State Department of Health</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.yum.com/" target="_blank">Yum Brand Inc</a></li>
</ul>]]></media:text>
		<media:thumbnail url="http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2012/02/health-020212-004.jpg" />
	</media:content>
</item>
<item>
	<title><![CDATA[Diagnosing Clinical Depression With A Blood Test]]></title>
	<link>http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1112467294/diagnosing-clinical-depression-with-a-blood-test/</link>
	<comments></comments>
	<pubDate>2012-02-02 12:09:58</pubDate>
	<guid isPermaLink="false"></guid>
	<abstractStory><![CDATA[A new blood test has been developed which can accurately distinguished patients diagnosed with depression from control subjects, reports a study published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.]]></abstractStory>
	<description><![CDATA[A new blood test has been developed which can accurately distinguished patients diagnosed with depression from control subjects, reports a study published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.

Dr. George Papakostas, an associate professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, explained that previous efforts to develop tests based on a single blood or urinary biomarker were insufficiently sensitive but this new test has achieved desired results, reports UPI.

Study co-author John Bilello, chief scientific officer of Ridge Diagnostics, which sponsored the current study says, "The study authors note that previous efforts to develop tests based on a single blood or urinary biomarker did not produce results of sufficient sensitivity, the ability to detect the tested-for condition, or specificity, the ability to rule out that condition.”

“The biology of depression suggests that a highly complex series of interactions exists between the brain and biomarkers in the peripheral circulation.”

The test measures biomarkers associated with factors such as inflammation, the development and maintenance of neurons and the interaction between brain structures involved with stress response and other key functions.

The measurements are combined using a specific formula to produce a figure called the MDDScore -- a number from 1 to 100 indicating in percentage form the likelihood that an individual has major depression. Clinical use the MDDScore would range from 1-10.

The initial pilot phase of the study enrolled 36 adults who had been diagnosed with major depression at the MGH, Vanderbilt University or Cambridge Health Alliance in Cambridge, Mass., along with 43 control participants from St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in Brighton, Mass.

MDDScores for 33 of the 36 patients indicated the presence of depression, while only 8 of the 43 controls had a positive test result.

A second replication phase enrolled an additional 34 patients from the MGH and Vanderbilt, 31 of whom had a positive MDDScore result. Combining both groups indicated that the test could accurately diagnose major depression with a sensitivity of about 90 percent and a specificity of 80 percent.

“It can be difficult to convince patients of the need for treatment based on the sort of questionnaire now used to rank their reported symptoms,” Bilello concluded. “We expect that the biological basis of this test may provide patients with insight into their depression as a treatable disease rather than a source of self-doubt and stigma.”

---

On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/index.html" target="_blank">Molecular Psychiatry</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://hms.harvard.edu/hms/home.asp" target="_blank">Harvard Medical School</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.ridgedx.com/" target="_blank">Ridge Diagnostics</a></li>
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		<media:text><![CDATA[A new blood test has been developed which can accurately distinguished patients diagnosed with depression from control subjects, reports a study published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.

Dr. George Papakostas, an associate professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, explained that previous efforts to develop tests based on a single blood or urinary biomarker were insufficiently sensitive but this new test has achieved desired results, reports UPI.

Study co-author John Bilello, chief scientific officer of Ridge Diagnostics, which sponsored the current study says, "The study authors note that previous efforts to develop tests based on a single blood or urinary biomarker did not produce results of sufficient sensitivity, the ability to detect the tested-for condition, or specificity, the ability to rule out that condition.”

“The biology of depression suggests that a highly complex series of interactions exists between the brain and biomarkers in the peripheral circulation.”

The test measures biomarkers associated with factors such as inflammation, the development and maintenance of neurons and the interaction between brain structures involved with stress response and other key functions.

The measurements are combined using a specific formula to produce a figure called the MDDScore -- a number from 1 to 100 indicating in percentage form the likelihood that an individual has major depression. Clinical use the MDDScore would range from 1-10.

The initial pilot phase of the study enrolled 36 adults who had been diagnosed with major depression at the MGH, Vanderbilt University or Cambridge Health Alliance in Cambridge, Mass., along with 43 control participants from St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in Brighton, Mass.

MDDScores for 33 of the 36 patients indicated the presence of depression, while only 8 of the 43 controls had a positive test result.

A second replication phase enrolled an additional 34 patients from the MGH and Vanderbilt, 31 of whom had a positive MDDScore result. Combining both groups indicated that the test could accurately diagnose major depression with a sensitivity of about 90 percent and a specificity of 80 percent.

“It can be difficult to convince patients of the need for treatment based on the sort of questionnaire now used to rank their reported symptoms,” Bilello concluded. “We expect that the biological basis of this test may provide patients with insight into their depression as a treatable disease rather than a source of self-doubt and stigma.”

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On the Net:
<ul>
	<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/mp/index.html" target="_blank">Molecular Psychiatry</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://hms.harvard.edu/hms/home.asp" target="_blank">Harvard Medical School</a></li>
	<li><a href="http://www.ridgedx.com/" target="_blank">Ridge Diagnostics</a></li>
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