New View of Multiple Sclerosis

(Ivanhoe Newswire) — Scientists have uncovered a source of damage associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) that may lead them to an effective therapy for what is now an incurable condition. The research revealed a direct interaction between immune cells and neurons that plays a significant role in neuronal injury and may respond to therapeutic intervention.

MS is a disease in which a person’s own immune system attacks their central nervous system. Symptoms vary, depending on which nerves are affected, but can include muscle weakness, numbness and visual disturbances. Research has shown that MS is caused by damage to the protective myelin sheath which surrounds nerves and which is critical for transmission of nerve impulses.

Direct damage to neurons is prominent in the early stages of the disease. "The contribution of direct neuronal damage to MS pathology has been debated since the first description of the disease," senior study author, Professor Frauke Zipp, from Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz in Germany, was quoted as saying. "Although many different theories about possible underlying mechanisms have been proposed, such as neuron damage being a secondary effect of the disrupted myelin sheath, actual events leading to neural damage are not well understood."

Dr. Zipp and colleagues studied mice with an experimental animal model of MS. They sought to discover the role of immune cells in neuronal damage in by monitoring the development of neuroinflammatory lesions with sophisticated imaging techniques. They observed direct synapse-like interactions between immune cells and neurons. Immune cells called Th17 cells, which have been linked to autoimmune inflammation, induced localized toxic changes in neuronal calcium levels. This is significant because fluctuations in neuronal intracellular calcium levels that were linked with cell injury were partially reversible when cells were exposed to compounds used to treat excitotoxicity.

The results highlight a specific interaction between the immune system and the nervous system, implicating direct neuronal damage in autoimmune-mediated inflammation. "Our use of live-imaging during disease has led to the characterization of neuronal dysfunction as early and potentially reversible, and suggests that immune-mediated disturbances of the neurons themselves contribute to multiple sclerosis, in addition to interruptions in nerve cell transmission as a result of changes to the myelin sheath," concluded Professor Zipp. "Furthermore, immune-mediated reversible calcium increases in neurons are a viable target for future therapeutics."

SOURCE:  Immunity, online, September 27, 2010.