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Mars Express Gets Boost From Artificial Intelligence

Posted on: Tuesday, 29 April 2008, 10:40 CDT

Artificial intelligence (AI) being used at the European Space Operations Center is giving a powerful boost to ESA's Mars Express as it searches for signs of past or present life on the Red Planet.

Since January 2005, Mars Express has been using its sophisticated instruments to study the atmosphere, surface and subsurface of Mars, confirming the presence of water and looking for other signatures of life on and below the Red Planet's rocky terrain.

The spacecraft generates huge volumes of scientific data, which must be downloaded to Earth at the right time and in the correct sequence, otherwise data packets can be permanently lost when the limited on-board memory is overwritten by newly collected data.

Traditionally, data downloading was managed using human-operated scheduling software to generate command sequences sent to Mars Express, telling it when to dump specific data packets. "This is tedious, time-consuming and never really eliminated the occasional loss - forever - of valuable science data," says Alessandro Donati, Head of the Advanced Mission Concepts and Technologies Office at ESA's Space Operations Center (ESOC), Darmstadt, Germany.

'Smart' solution to complex delivery problem

But since 2005, AI researchers at Italy's Institute for Cognitive Science and Technology (ISTC-CNR) led by Dr Amedeo Cesta and mission planners and computer scientists at ESOC have been developing a solution to the complex Mars Express scheduling problem by applying artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to the problem.

The result of this work is a new 'smart' tool, dubbed MEXAR2 ('Mars Express AI Tool'), which is now an integral part of the Mars Express mission planning system.

MEXAR2 works by intelligently projecting which on-board data packets might be later lost due to memory conflicts, optimizing the data download schedule and generating the commands needed to implement the download . "With MEXAR2, any loss of stored data packets has largely been eliminated," says Fred Jansen, ESA's mission manager for Mars Express.

MEXAR2 has reduced the mission planning team's workload considerably - by 50 percent compared to the old manual method - for generating workable downlink plans. "And because it optimizes bandwidth used to receive data on Earth, we have been able to free expensive ground station time for other missions," says Michel Denis, Mars Express Spacecraft Operations Manager at ESOC.

MEXAR2 recently won the 'best application' award at ICAPS 2007, a benchmark international conference for AI planning & scheduling technology.

Europe's first deep-space mission to fly with AI

AI provides solutions for complex problems, and has now entered the space mission operations field as a value-adding technology. "Mars Express is the first European deep-space exploration mission to fly using an AI tool on the ground, and the technology is boosting science return while reducing time and resource costs," adds Donati.

With MEXAR2's proven success, scientists at both ESOC and ISTC-CNR are working to apply the current AI technology to other problems.

Successful recent work includes the reverse problem of how to optimize the upload of commands to Mars Express, in a project dubbed - somewhat tongue-in-cheek - as 'RAXEM' - for the 'reverse of MEXAR'.

ESA-developed AI technology will also be applied to the 'Advanced Planning & Scheduling Initiative', which is designed to provide AI benefits to other areas and missions, including long term observation planning for ESA's Integral, space-borne gamma-ray observatory.

"It's possible to apply the same AI concepts to future missions, like ExoMars, Europe's first planetary rover mission to the Red Planet," says Donati, adding, "Today's achievement is the starting point for implementing new on-board autonomy concepts for ESA's challenging missions of the future."

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Image 1: The ExoMars rover

Image 3

The ExoMars rover will be ESA's field biologist on Mars.

. Credits: ESA

Image 2: Mars Express left Earth for Mars on a six-month journey in June 2003, when the positions of the two planets made for the shortest possible route, a condition that occurs once every twenty-six months. The intrepid spacecraft was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan onboard a Russian Soyuz/Fregat launcher. It completed the interplanetary cruise, achieving a velocity of 10 800 km/h relative to Earth, in December 2003. Five days before arrival, Mars Express released the Beagle 2 lander, which was subsequently lost. Since entering its operational, near-polar orbit, Mars Express has operated perfectly, delivering some of the most spectacular and scientifically valuable results ever received from the Red Planet. Credits: ESA - Illustration by Medialab

Image 3: The MEXAR2 tool in use in the Mars Express mission planning room at ESA's Space Operations Center (ESOC), in Darmstadt, Germany. MEXAR2 uses artificial intelligence techniques to optimize data downloading from Mars Express, reducing workload by over 50% and largely eliminating data loss. Credits: ESA

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Mars Express

Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies

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