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Coolest Spacecraft Ever In Orbit Around L2

Posted on: Friday, 3 July 2009, 10:20 CDT

Last night, the detectors of Planck's High Frequency Instrument reached their amazingly low operational temperature of -273°C, making them the coldest known objects in space. The spacecraft has also just entered its final orbit around the second Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth system, L2.
 
Planck is equipped with a passive cooling system that brings its temperature down to about -230°C by radiating heat into space. Three active coolers take over from there, and bring the temperature down further to an amazing low of -273.05°C, only 0.1°C above absolute zero - the coldest temperature theoretically possible in our Universe.

Such low temperatures are necessary for Planck’s detectors to study the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the first light released by the universe only 380 000 yrs after the Big Bang, by measuring its temperature across the sky. 
 

Like measuring the heat of a rabbit on the Moon
 
The detectors will look for variations in the temperature of the CMB that are about a million times smaller than one degree – this is comparable to measuring from Earth the heat produced by a rabbit sitting on the Moon. This is why the detectors must be cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero (–273.15°C, or zero Kelvin, 0K).

Details on the different stages of the cool-down process are available via the 'Planck in depth' link at right.
 
 
Arriving at L2
 
Starting at 13:15 CEST yesterday, the Planck Mission Control Team conducted a crucial orbit insertion manoeuvre designed to place the satellite into its final orbit about L2.
 

Once commanded, the burn was auto-controlled by Planck, with the thrusters operating for between 12 and 24 hours. The manoeuvre directed the satellite into its final operational orbit around the second Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth system, L2.

The thruster burn was planned to deliberately underperform by a small margin, necessitating a small 'touch up' manoeuvre in the coming days to bring the satellite fully onto its planned trajectory.
 
 
"While this manoeuvre itself is routine, it represents the final major step in the long voyage to L2, and everyone here is quite happy to see Planck getting into its operational orbit," said Chris Watson, Spacecraft Operations Manager, speaking in the mission's Dedicated Control Room at ESA’s European Space Operations Centre, Darmstadt, Germany.

   
The manoeuvre was planned to change the satellite’s speed by 211.6 km/hour, ending with a final speed of 1010 Km/hour with respect to the ground . Together with Earth and the virtual point L2, Planck will then be orbiting the Sun at a speed of 106 254 km/hour (29.5 km/second).

At the start of yesterday’s manoeuvre, Planck was located 1.43 million km from Earth.
 

   
Science operations to begin soon
 
All commissioning activities are on schedule, and this phase of the mission is practically complete. Over the next few weeks, the operation of the instruments will be fine-tuned for best performance.

Planck will begin to survey the sky in mid-August.
 
 
Notes for editors:
 
The three cooling stages were built by different institutes, part of the two instrument consortia which manufactured and delivered Planck’s Low and High Frequency Instruments:

    * The 20K cooler: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California, USA
    * The 4K cooler: The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (a member of the HFI consortium), Didcot, UK and Astrium, UK
    * The 0.1K cooler: Centre de Recherches des Très Basses Températures, Grenoble, France and Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale ,Orsay, France (both members of the HFI Consortium), and DTA Air Liquide, Grenoble, France


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Image 1: This artist's impression shows the focal plane unit of the Planck telescope.Planck's instruments will operate at a few degrees above absolute zero. To achieve this, a series of cooling stages are required

. Without any additional cooling, the spacecraft itself can passively cool to around 50 K (about -223ºC). For the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) the focal plane is cooled to around 20 K (about -253ºC). The signals received in the instrument horns are amplified and passed through waveguides to a back-end unit (which is at around 300 K, or about 27ºC) where the signals are processed.The High Frequency Instrument (HFI) unit is more compact and sits entirely within the LFI housing at about 18 K (about -255ºC). The bolometers (devices for measuring incident electromagnetic radiation) are then stage cooled to just 0.1 K (-273.14ºC) with the detected signals again processed in a warmer back-end readout and data processing unit. Isolating the various components and cooling only small volumes to the coldest temperatures the optimum efficiencies and mission achieve lifetime. Credits: ESA (Image by AOES Medialab)

Image 2: Planck's orbit around L2, the second Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth system. Credits: ESA

Image 3: This artist's view shows the combined focal plane of the two instruments on board ESA's Planck spacecraft. The High Frequency Instrument (HFI) is visible as a circular forest of horns at the centre, surrounded by the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) ring of horns.The two instruments detect the collected radiation in different ways. LFI is designed to convert the lower energy microwaves into electrical voltages, rather like a transistor radio. HFI works by converting the higher energy microwaves to heat, which is then measured by a tiny electrical thermometer. The instruments share a common telescope.  Credits: ESA (Image by AOES Medialab)

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