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Science Facts

  • Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200.

  • Without its lining of mucus your stomach would digest itself.

  • There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body.
    • An individual blood cell takes about 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body.

    • Utopia is a large, smooth lying area of Mars.

    • On the day that Alexander Graham Bell was buried the entire ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">US telephone system was shut down for 1 minute in tribute.

    • The low frequency call of the humpback whale is the loudest noise made by a living creature.

    • The call of the humpback whale is louder than Concorde and can be heard from 500 miles away.

    • A quarter of the world's plants are threatened with extinction by the year 2010.

    • Each person sheds 40lbs of skin in his or her lifetime.

    • At 15 inches the eyes of giant squids are the largest on the planet.

    • The largest galaxies contain up to 400 billion stars.

    • The Universe contains over 100 billion galaxies.

    • Wounds infested with maggots heal quickly and without spread of gangrene or other infection.

    • More germs are transferred shaking hands than kissing.

    • The longest glacier in ="" w:st="on">Antarctica, the Albert glacier, is 250 miles long and 40 miles wide.

    • The fastest speed a falling raindrop can hit you is 18mph.

    • A healthy person has 6,000 million, million, million hemoglobin molecules.

    • A salmon-rich, low cholesterol diet means that Inuits rarely suffer from heart disease.

    • Inbreeding causes 3 out of every 10 Dalmatian dogs to suffer from hearing disability.

    • At over 2000 kilometers long The Great Barrier Reef is the largest living structure on Earth.

    • A thimbleful of a neutron star would weigh over 100 million tons.

    • The risk of being struck by a falling meteorite for a human is one occurrence every 9,300 years.

    • The driest inhabited place in the world is ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Aswan, ="" w:st="on">Egypt where the annual average rainfall is .02 inches.

    • The deepest part of any ocean in the world is the Mariana trench in the Pacific with a depth of 35,797 feet.

    • The largest meteorite craters in the world are in ="" w:st="on">Sudbury, ="" w:st="on">Ontario, ="" w:st="on">Canada and in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Vredefort, ="" w:st="on">South Africa.

    • The largest desert in the world, the ="" w:st="on">Sahara, is 3,500,000 square miles.

    • The largest dinosaur ever discovered was Seismosaurus who was over 100 feet long and weighed up to 80 tonnes.

    • The African Elephant gestates for 22 months.

    • The short-nosed Bandicoot has a gestation period of only 12 days.

    • The mortality rate if bitten by a Black Mamba snake is over 95%.

    • In the 14th century the Black Death killed 75,000,000 people. It was carried by fleas on the black rat.

    • A dog's sense of smell is 1,000 times more sensitive than a humans.

    • A typical hurricane produces the energy equivalent to 8,000 one megaton bombs.

    • 90% of those who die from hurricanes die from drowning.

    • To escape the Earth's gravity a rocket need to travel at 7 miles a second.

    • If every star in the Milky Way was a grain of salt they would fill an Olympic sized swimming pool.

    • Microbial life can survive on the cooling rods of a nuclear reactor.

    • Micro-organisms have been brought back to life after being frozen in permafrost for three million years.

    • Our oldest radio broadcasts of the 1930s have already traveled past 100,000 stars.

    • Tuberculosis is the biggest global killer of women.

    • One third of Asian women are infected with TB.

    • Each domestic cow emits about 105 pounds of methane a year.

    • Hummingbirds consume half of their body weight in food every day.

    • The larva of the polyphemus moth consumes 86,000 times its birth weight in its first 56 days.

    • Blood sucking hookworms inhabit 700 million people worldwide.

    • Some species of bamboo grow at a rate of 3ft per day.

    • A total of 148 tornadoes swept the south and mid-west of the ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">US in April 1974.

    • A lunar eclipse of 1 hour 47 minutes occurred on the 16th July 2000.

    • Saturn would float if you could find an ocean big enough.

    • A pinhead-sized piece of a neutron star weighs 1 million tons.

    • A neutron star is 15 miles across and weighs more than the Sun.

    • The highest recorded train speed is 320.2 mph by the TGV train in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">France.

    • The highest speed ever achieved on a bicycle is 166.94 mph by Fred Rompelburg.

    • The research spacecraft Helios B came within a record 27 million miles of the Sun.

    • 65 million years ago the impact of an asteroid is estimated to have had the power of 10 million H-Bombs.

    • The temperature at the centre of the Earth is estimated to be 5500 degrees Celsius.

    • ="" w:st="on">Mount Rainier erupts around every 500 years.

    • There are over 100 billion stars in our Milky Way Galaxy.

    • Scientists have discovered over 20 planets outside our solar system.

    • Organisms can live in temperatures up to 133 centigrade.

    • There is clear geological evidence that there has been water on Mars.

    • NASA missions in 2003 and 2005 will collect rocks from Mars.

    • Living organisms on Earth can thrive as deep as 2 miles down.

    • Jupiter's moon, Europa, is completely covered in ice.

    • We can produce laser light a million times brighter than sunshine.

    • The fastest spacecraft can go 40,000 mph.

    • Babies conceived by IVF are more likely to die during infancy.

    • The surface of Mars is the same area as the Earth's continents.

    • In the ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">US the average vehicle is 5.6 years old.

    • On May 3rd 1999 an outbreak of 76 tornadoes struck ="" w:st="on">Oklahoma and ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Kansas with wind speeds of up to 318 mph.

    • Jumbo Jets have carried the equivalent of 1.6 million passengers to the Moon and back.

    • Volcanoes on Io eject material at speeds of 2000 mph.

    • The Sun takes about 220 million years to make one revolution of the Milky Way.

    • A human heart beats 100,000 times a day.

    • Every heartbeat pumps 1/15th of a pint of blood.

    • The first bicycle was manufactured in 1817.

    • A cockroach can live for nine days without its head.

    • The biggest shark species has the smallest teeth. The 12 meter long whale shark has more than 4,000 teeth, each only 3mm long.

    • The female lion is a much more efficient hunter than the male.

    • We share 98.4% of our DNA with a chimp - and 70% with a slug.

    • Men who ride a bike for ten hours a week are four times as likely to be impotent as non-bike riders say US scientists.

    • If the neurons from a single brain were divided out equally among the ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">US population, each American would get approximately 366 brain cells.

    • The oldest known hominid skeleton from ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Ethiopia has been dated at 4.4 million years.

    • The earliest human tools have been dated at 2.7 million years old.

    • Human fetuses react to loud rock music by kicking.

    • At just 12 weeks the human fetus can scowl and squint.

    • By 24 weeks the human fetus can suck its thumb so hard that blisters are raised.

    • At 23 weeks the human fetus experiences REM (Rapid Eye Movement).

    • A newborn's skin is thinner than an adult’s.

    • The lightest baby to survive weighed a mere 283 grams.

    • More babies are born at night than in the day.

    • The average weight of the male brain is 1.4 kilos: 1.25 for females.

    • Twins have a higher than usual rate of left handedness.

    • 65% of those suffering autism are left handed.

    • One third of all adults experience difficulty distinguishing left from right.

    • Apart from humans the only land animal that cries is the elephant.

    • The Dodo was first discovered in 1507 - 100 years later it was hunted to extinction.

    • The fastest truck in the world, the 376 mph rocket powered Shockwave burns 400 gallons of fuel every mile.

    • The Hobby Eberly Telescope (HET) can collect light 2 million times fainter than the human eye can.

    • Any 1 of a 1000 viruses can cause the common cold.

    • The chemical n-acetyl-cysteine found in raw eggs is proven to help hangovers.

    • ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Macau, China has 80,000 people per square mile. ="" w:st="on">Greenland has 10 square miles per person.

    • The watch was invented in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Nuremberg in 1510.

    • On average women say 7,000 words per day. Men manage just over 2000.

    • In 1522 Ferdinand Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the world.

    • Health freaks beware! If you jog for 1 hour each day for fifty years you will have spent over two years jogging.

    • Galileo first saw the moons of Jupiter on 7th January 1610 - but they had been discovered a few days earlier by an obscure German Astronomer, Simon Marius.

    • Europeans started drinking tea from ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">China in 1610 and they started drinking coffee in 1615.

    • There are 1600 calories in a pint of Hippopotamus milk.

    • In 1661 the Bank of Stockholm issued the worlds first banknote.

    • Because of thermal expansion the ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Eiffel ="" w:st="on">Tower is 15cm taller in Summer.

    • Benjamin Franklin began his research into electricity in 1746.

    • Isaac Newton published his 'Principia' explaining the laws of gravity in 1687.

    • The combined length of the roots of a Finnish pine tree is over 30 miles.

    • Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the mercury thermometer in 1714.

    • 97.2% of the Earth's water is salt water.

    • The oceans contain enough salt to cover all the continents to a depth of nearly 500 feet.

    • ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Monash University has named a new species of dinosaur Qantassaurus after the Australian airline Qantas!

    • Traveling at the speed of light it would take a spaceship just 1.2822 seconds to reach the Moon.

    • The speed of light, Warp Factor 1 on Star Trek's ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Enterprise is a mind boggling 670,610,000 miles per hour.

    • Each year more snow falls in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Australia than in the whole of the European Alps.

    • The human brain is 2% of the body's weight but uses a hungry 20% of its energy.

    • Women on the pill are 30% more likely to suffer from gum disease.

    • Western adults, on average, consume 10 liters of alcohol a year.

    • If more than 23 people gather in a room there is a better than 1 in 2 chance that at least two of them will share the same birthday.

    • The interstellar gas cloud Sagittarius B contains a billion, billion, billion liters of alcohol.

    • Roy Sullivan of ="" w:st="on">Virginia, ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">USA, was struck by lightning seven times during his lifetime. Later he committed suicide.

    • Alcohol lowers the level of the sex hormone testosterone in men but increases it in women.

    • Polar Bears can run at 25 miles an hour and jump over 6 feet in the air.

    • Ernest Rutherford discovered that the atom had a nucleus in 1911.

    • The silkworm moth has eleven brains.

    • There are over 25 million bubbles waiting to burst out of each bottle of ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Champagne.

    • 70% of the molecular structure in a tree is also human.

    • 60-65 million years ago dolphins and humans shared a common ancestor - the Mesonycid.

    • In Winter the Antarctic Ice covers 10% of our planet.

    • Parts of the Atacama Desert in ="" w:st="on">Northern Chile have gone without rain for 400 years.

    • It takes the Earth exactly 365.242199 days to orbit the Sun - and that is why every four years we need a leap year.

    • In 1750 James Watt built the first steam powered engine.

    • In 1774 Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen and described its role in combustion and respiration.

    • It wasn't until 1628 that we realized that our hearts pumped blood right around our bodies.

    • The only time the human population declined was in the years following 1347, the start of the epidemic of the plague 'Black Death' in ="" w:st="on">Europe.

    • The first spectacles were invented in 1280.

    • 1000 years ago the first Icelanders discovered ="" w:st="on">North America.

    • Polar Bears cannot be detected by infrared cameras, due to their transparent fur.

    • The longest space flight by a women lasted a total of 188 days, 4 hours and 14 seconds.

    • The biggest star has a diameter of 1800 million miles, making it 2000 times bigger than the Sun.

    • Deserts cover one seventh of the world. The surface of the sand can heat up to an incredible 77 degrees centigrade.

    • The first alarm clock was invented 3,500 years ago by the Egyptians; and in 1955 scientists in the ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">UK invented the first atomic clock.

    • 4,800 years ago the ancient Egyptians worked out that there were 365 days in a year.

    • In 1997 ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Britain suffered an unprecedented 35 tornados.

    • Young giraffes can grow an inch a month.

    • The next total eclipse visible from the ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">UK mainland will be on the 23rd September 2090.

    • Desert rats can copulate 122 times an hour.

    • The average person accidentally eats 430 bugs each year of their life.

    • There are more than 1000 chemicals in every cup of coffee.

    • When a pickle is plugged into an electric current it turns yellow, and gives off a horrendous smell.

    • By 2150 there will be 10 billion humans. In 2000 there were 6 billion.

    • ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">America produces 215 million tons of solid garbage every year.

    • At present even the most powerful PCs cannot process as many instructions as the .1gm of a goldfish brain.

    • 384/ A typical PC would have to be a million times more powerful to perform like the human brain.

    • The first photographic negative allowing multiple prints was developed by British inventor William Henry Fox Talbot in the 1830's.

    • In 1801 American inventor James Finley built the first modern suspension bridge over a river near ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Uniontown, ="" w:st="on">PA.

    • The first internal combustion piston engine was built by Frenchman Etienne Lenoir in 1860.

    • After many aborted attempts, the first submarine telegraph cable between Europe and ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">America was successfully laid in 1866.

    • In 1894 Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi began his work on transmitting radio waves over long distances.

    • Wireless' communications took a giant leap forward in 1962 with the launch of Telstar, the first satellite capable of relaying telephone and TV signals.

    • When completed in 2009 the Three Gorges dam across the Yangtze River in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">China will be 60 stories high and 1.4 miles long.

    • Windows 2000' contained 29 million lines of code.

    • The Large Hadron Collider or LHC outside of ="" w:st="on">Geneva in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Switzerland will be the largest science experiment ever. When it opens for business in 2005 it will use a circular tunnel 17 miles in diameter.

    • At 1,483 feet tall the twin Petronas tower in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Kuala Lumpur, ="" w:st="on">Malaysia is the tallest building in the world.

    • A single rye plant can spread up to 400 miles of roots underground.

    • If you are bitten by a mosquito, it's usually a female sucking blood from her victim to get nutrients for making her eggs.

    • The largest group of insects are the beetles with over 400,000 different species.

    • Dragonflies have the largest eyes and sharpest eyesight of any insect... each eye is made up of more than 30,000 separate rod-like units.

    • Mayflies live for a year or more as larvae; but as adults they live for only a few hours.

    • By swallowing water, the Puffer fish becomes too big for other fish to swallow.

    • Although rainforests only cover 7% of the Earth's surface, at least 40% of all animal and plant species live in them.

    • The coldest temperature ever recorded at minus 126.9?F was in ="" w:st="on">Antarctica at Vostok in 1960.

    • Dutchman Antony van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in 1674.

    • Spider web filaments were used in gun sights as the 'cross hairs' until the early 1960's.

    • 88% of all humans are right handed.

    • Bill Gates is left handed.

    • The Millennium Dome in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">London can be seen from space. The shell is 1km in circumference.

    • An elephant's brain weighs about five times more than a human brain but it's body weighs 100 times more than ours.

    • Every night each human sheds approximately 3 grams of skin particles.

    • The sting of a Box Jelly can kill a human within three minutes.

    • In 1870 in ="" w:st="on">Massachusetts Bay an Arctic Lion's Mane jelly was found with tentacles of 36.5 metres in length.

    • A Platypus is one of two mammals that lays eggs and nurses it's young on milk - the other is an echidna.

    • The International Space Station orbits at 248 miles above the Earth.

    • Up to 15,000 dust mites can live and thrive in just one gram of dust.

    • The temperature on the surface of Mercury exceeds 400 degrees C during the day, and, at night, plummets to minus 200 degrees centigrade.

    • Mosquitoes have been found to prefer biting people with smelly feet.

    • One person in every 2 billion lives to be 116 or older.

    • Tristan de Cunha, an island in the ="" w:st="on">South Atlantic Ocean is populated by 296 people and most of them suffer from asthma.

    • Bats always turn left when leaving a cave.

    • Dart-boards are made out of horsehair.

    • When a giraffe's baby is born it falls from a height of six feet, normally without being hurt.

    • The pitches that Babe Ruth hit for his last-ever home run and that Joe DiMaggio hit for his first-ever home run were thrown by the same man.

    • Alexander the Great was an epileptic.

    • When a female horse and a male donkey mate, the offspring is called a mule, but when a male horse and a female donkey mate, the offspring is called a hinny.
    • Cranberries are sorted for ripeness by bouncing them; a fully ripened cranberry can be dribbled like a basketball.

    • The original fifty cent piece in Australian decimal currency had around worth of silver in it before it was replaced with a less expensive twelve sided coin.

    • The plastic things on the end of shoelaces are called aglets.

    • If you multiply the number 21978 by 4 then you get the number in reverse ie 87912.

    • A pregnant goldfish is called a twit.

    • The muzzle of a lion is like a fingerprint - no two lions have the same pattern of whiskers.

    • A full seven percent of the entire Irish Barley crop goes to the production of Guinness.

    • If the human genome were a book. It would contain one billion words (or as long as 800 bibles); and if you were to read it out loud at the rate of one word per second for eight hours a day, it would take a century.

    • Cat's urine glows under a black light.

    • Mosquitoes are attracted to the color blue twice as much as to any other color.

    • A raisin dropped in a glass of fresh champagne will bounce up and down continually from the bottom of the glass to the top.

    • Amongst the many words that Shakespeare invented are assassination, bump, lonely, bloodstained, leapfrog and mountaineer.

    • Shrimps' hearts are in their heads.

    • There is no more than one-tenth of a calorie's worth of glue on every stamp.

    • The weight of air in a milk glass is about the same as the weight of one aspirin tablet.

    • The first advertisement printed in English in 1477 offered a prayer book. The ad was published by William Caxton on his press in Westminster Abbey. No price was mentioned, only that the book was 'good chepe'.

    • The working section of the piano is called the action. There are about 7,500 parts here, all playing a role in sending the hammers against the strings when keys are struck.

    • There are 1,783 diamonds in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Great Britain's Imperial State Crown. This includes the 309 carat Star of Africa.

    • There are forty two dots on a pair of dice.

    • There are odor technicians in the perfume trade with the olfactory skills to distinguish 19,000 different odors at twenty levels of intensity each.

    • There are three sets of letters on the standard typewriter and computer keyboards which are in alphabetical order. ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Reading left to right they are f-g-h, j-k-l, and o-p.

    • There is one mile of railroad track in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Belgium for every one and a half square miles of land.

    • There is one slot machine in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Las Vegas for every eight inhabitants.

    • A bubble is round because the air within it presses equally against all its parts, thus causing all surfaces to be equidistant from its centre.

    • A conventional sign of virginity in Tudor England was a high exposed bosom and a sleeve full to the wrists.

    • A diamond will not dissolve in acid. The only thing that can destroy it is intense heat.

    • A female pharaoh was unknown in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Egypt before Hatshepsut, who began her reign in 1502 BC. In order not to shock local convention, she had herself portrayed in male costume, with a beard, and without breasts.

    • A jet or turbo-jet powered aircraft uses more fuel flying at 25,000 feet than 30,000 feet. The higher it flies, the thinner the atmosphere and the less atmospheric resistance it must buck.

    • About 24 percent of alcoholics die in accidents, falls, fires, and suicides.

    • A survey revealed that 87 percent of snowmobilers in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Maine are males. Snowmobiling added 6 million to the state's economy in 1996.

    • About 60 percent of all American babies are named after close relatives.

    • According to a 1995 poll, 1 out of every 10 people admitted that they will buy an outfit intending to wear it once and return it.

    • According to a poll, 58 percent of those responding admitted that they had falsely called in sick to get a day off from work.

    • 39 percent of people interviewed for a poll admitted that they snoop in their host's medicine cabinets.

    • 75 percent of people who play the car radio while driving also sing along with it.

    • Life expectancy in ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">America has grown from 46.6 years for males and 48.7 years for females in 1900. To 72.7 years for males and 76.1 years for females.

    • In a recent 5 year period, 24 residents of ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Tokyo died while bowing to other people.

    • In a survey conducted by a women's magazine; 70 percent of female respondents said they would rather have chocolate than sex.

    • According to hospital figures, dogs bite an average of 1 million Americans a year.

    • According to one source, about 66 percent of magazines found thrown along US roadsides are pornographic.

    • Americans buy about 5 million things that are shaped like Mickey Mouse, or have a picture of Mickey Mouse on them in the course of a day.

    • According to suicide statistics, Monday is the favored day for self destruction.

    • In ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">England, a stone is equal to 14 pounds, a kilogram to 2.2 pounds.

    • In ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Wales, there are more sheep than people. (In 1996, the human population for Wales was 2,921,000; with approximately 5,000,000 sheep)

    • ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Ireland boasts the highest per capita consumption of cereal in the world - 15 pounds per person annually.

    • It can cost up to million to launch a new fragrance. ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Saudi Arabia reportedly has the highest per capita fragrance use in the world at more than a quart a year for every man, woman and child.

    • The Coast Guard Academy in July of 1976 was the first U.S service academy to admit women.

    • ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Sweden has the most phones per capita.

    • There's enough energy in ten minutes of one hurricane to match the nuclear stockpiles of the world.

    • A beautiful mirage called the Fata Morgana appears in the Straits of Messina, between ="" w:st="on">Sicily and ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Italy. It is an image of a town in the sky, but it seems more like a fairy tale landscape than a real town. It is believed to be a mirage of a fishing village situated along the coast.

    • A bolt of lightning can strike the earth with a force as great as 100 million volts.

    • A "cold front" travels at a speed of about 30 miles per hour - faster then the fastest person can run - and may overtake any warm front ahead of it. The resulting mix of air is called an "occluded front".

    • A cumulonimbus cloud can be enormous: six miles across and eleven miles high, and twice as high as ="" w:st="on">Mount Everest.

    • A dripping water tap wastes an average of 40 kilowatt hours of electricity per month. This is the equivalent of running a color television 8 hours a day for about 31 days.

    • A drop of water may travel thousands of miles between the time it evaporates into the atmosphere and the time it falls to the Earth again as rain, sleet, or snow.

    • A green flash is sometimes seen just as the sun sets or rises. This occurs because green light is bent most strongly by the atmosphere. So the green is seen before other colors at sunrise, and after the other colors have vanished at sunset.

    • Three hundred and fourteen acres of trees are used to make the newsprint for the average Sunday edition of the New York Times. There are nearly 63,000 trees in the 314 acres.

    • Traces of copper give the gemstone turquoise its distinctive color.

    • Use of less fertilizer at precisely the right times can cut costs by up to 17 percent for farmers in developing countries and reduce damage to the environment.

    • Variations in color in pearls are still a mystery, but some experts believe that high water temperatures contribute a golden cast to some pearls.

    • Waste industry experts estimate that Americans discard 250 million tires each year, and that more than 3 million are stored in landfills. Tires burning at landfills generate huge amounts of noxious air pollution.

    • A hailstone weighing more than one and a half pounds once fell on ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Coffeyville, ="" w:st="on">Kansas. No one was hit.

    • A hurricane that hit ="" w:st="on">Puerto Rico in 1928 dropped 30 inches of rain over the island. The deluge was estimated to weigh 2,800,000,000 tons.

    • A large cumulonimbus cloud can hold enough water for 500,000 baths. Most of the water droplets in a cloud re-evaporate and never reach the ground. Only one fifth actually falls as rain.

    • A polar air mass moving South from ="" w:st="on">Canada may pick up from the ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Mississippi basin more than nine times as much water as flows out from the mouth of the river.

    • At the height of the property boom in ="" w:st="on">Japan during the 1980's the Emperor's 300 acre palace in central ="" w:st="on">Tokyo was valued at more than all ="" w:st="on">="" w:st="on">Canada.