By Albrecht, Uwe Goos, Karl-Heinz; Schneider, Berthold
Key words: Lower urinary tract infections – UTI – Relapses – Tropaeoli majoris herba – Armoraciae rusticanae radix ABSTRACT
Objectives: The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy and safety of a herbal medicinal product containing Tropaeoli majoris herba and Armoraciae rusticanae radix in the prophylactic treatment of chronically recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), and to test whether the medicinal product decreases the incidence of relapses over the study period.
Methods: A total of 219 adults aged between 18 and 75 years were screened and 174 patients enrolled. Of these 174 patients, a group of 45 patients were screening failures. Patients were randomised to receive either the study drug or placebo twice daily for 90 days. A UTI is confirmed by defined symptoms together with a laboratory result. The diagnosis of a new episode of a recurrent UTI included urine analysis from a central laboratory. The primary efficacy criterion – the number of recurrent UTIs over the study period – was tested between the treatment groups.
Results: For the per-protocol population, the mean number of recurrent UTIs in the study period was 0.43 versus 0.77 for the placebo group. This result is statistically significant (p = 0.035). A total of 36 patients in the test group and 37 patients in the placebo group reported adverse events. Two serious adverse events were reported in the placebo group and one serious adverse event in the treatment group (not associated with the study medication).
Conclusion:This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial demonstrates the efficacy and safety of the herbal medicinal product Angocin Anti-Infekt N* in the prophylactic treatment of chronically recurrent UTIs.
Introduction
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a condition where one or more structures in the urinary tract become infected after bacteria overcome the structures’ strong natural defences. Despite these defences, UTIs are the most common of all infections and can occur at any time in the life of an individual. Almost 95% of UTI cases are caused by bacteria that typically multiply at the opening of the urethra and travel up to the bladder (the ascending route). Much less often, bacteria spread to the kidney from the bloodstream. Chronically recurrent UTIs, in particular, are a significant challenge in daily clinical practice. The common symptoms are dysuria, pollakisuria, suprapubic pain and urine anomalies. Most patients with recurrent UTIs are females. The reason for the predominance of this disease in women is the anatomical structure of the urethra, which is approximately 2-4 cm long in females – compared with 20-25 cm in males. Consequently, bacteria can easily access the bladder. Recurrence is common after both complicated and uncomplicated UTIs. After a single uncomplicated acute urinary tract infection, 27-48% of women will have a recurrence.
Recurrent infections are mostly due to underlying pathological circumstances (for instance, anomalies of the urinary tract) and, also caused by concomitant diseases (for instance diabetes mellitus), chronic trauma to the urinary tract (UTIs due to catheters), reflux of urine (for instance prostate hyperplasia), certain physiological circumstances (such as pregnancy), neurogenic damage, high sexual activity and, most importantly, insufficient hygiene.
Most infections are normally found in the lower urinary tract, the urethra and the bladder. However, such UTIs bear the problem that, in given circumstances, bacteria ascend to the kidney and cause an acute pyelonephritis. The worst possible outcome of such an event is a transition to the blood with resulting urisepsis, which may end in death. Therefore, infections of the lower urinary tract need to be treated carefully in order to avoid potential severe medical problems and also to relieve the uncomfortable symptoms.
Amongst the bacteria causing infections of the lower urinary tract, gram-negative bacteria are predominant. The most important bacterial strain involved is Eschenchia coli. Other bacteria concerned are Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterobacter spp. Gram-positive bacteria play a less important role. This fact is important in the choice of adequate antibiotic therapy which is normally carried out with fluoroquinolones or cotrimoxazole.
At present, the prophylaxis of chronically recurrent UTIs in patients is problematic. In daily practice, lowdose administration of antibiotics is frequently chosen (cotrimoxazole, trimethoprime, nitrofurantoin, fluoroquinolones). These have proven to be efficacious to a certain degree. However, long-term administration of classical antibiotics is associated with the development of resistance of certain bacterial strains. In addition, potential side- effects of long-term treatment, such as neuropathies, may occur. Due to these safety factors, many physicians do not carry out long-term prophylaxis with classical antibiotics.
Angocin Anti-Infekt N is a herbal medicinal product (film-coated tablets) containing two active ingredients: horseradish root (Armoraciae rusticanae radix) 80 mg and nasturtium (Tropaeoli majoris herba) 200 mg. For these two active ingredients an antimicrobial efficacy has been proven in vitro1-12, which is based on the isothiocyanates (mustard oils). The herbs contain different isothiocyanates – in horseradish root, alylisothiocyanate and phenylethylisothiocyanate are the relevant mustard oils; in nasturtium, benzylisothiocyanate is the corresponding mustard oil. In a recent in vitro study13, the investigators confirmed previous reports of the antibacterial properties of mustard oils. The antimicrobial testing of a combination of nasturtium and horseradish revealed broad antibacterial activities against clinically relevant pathogens covering both gram-positive and gramnegative organisms. The study demonstrated that the combination of the two active ingredients leads to an additive activity. The results prove that there is a rational basis for treatment of both UTIs and upper respiratory tract infections with this medicinal product. It is important to emphasize that no bacterial resistance against the isothiocyanates has been observed.
The inactive prodrugs of the mustard oils, glucosinolates, are activated by myrosinase. The routes of excretion for isothiocyanates are the kidneys. Therefore an even higher local concentration can be achieved in the urinary tract and utilized for the treatment of UTIs. Most isothiocyanates are eliminated unchanged and some are metabolized. Pharmacokinetic investigations have shown that a high amount of the administered dose is recovered in the urine3. With regard to the daily dose for prophylactic treatment of chronically recurrent UTIs, a regimen has been chosen based on clinical experience with the medicinal product in the identical composition over decades of use in the daily practice.
There is a vast clinical experience published in the scientific literature for the treatment of bacterial infections with Angocin Anti-Infekt N14-20. However, this trial is the first randomised controlled clinical trial carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonisation of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use – Guideline for Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP).
Patients and methods
Study design
This multicentre study was conducted as a prospective randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with parallel groups in patients suffering from chronically recurrent UTIs. The goal of the study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of Angocin Anti- Infekt N versus placebo in the prophylactic treatment of chronically recurrent UTIs.
During a screening visit (visit 1, day 1) the inclusion and exclusion criteria were checked and informed consent was obtained. Medical history and demographic data were recorded. The status of an acute UTI was confirmed by urine analysis (stix, investigation of the midstream urine specimen in the central laboratory). Treatment with either cotrimoxazole or ciprofloxacin was initiated. Seven days after visit 1 the patient attended the study site for visit 2. The result of the antibiotic treatment was checked and investigated to establish whether the acute exacerbation of the UTI was cured. If healing was confirmed positively, patients were further randomised to receive either the study medication or placebo. Study medication for the first 30 days was handed out. Further visits to the study site were conducted at intervals of 30 days (visits 3, 4 and 5). At each visit blood pressure, pulse and body temperature were recorded as well as the potential occurrence of adverse events. It was confirmed that no new acute UTI existed (stix and investigation of midstream urine specimen in the central laboratory). Patient satisfaction (satisfaction with the treatment) was recorded on a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 10. Study medication was given to the patient at each visit and compliance was recorded in a drug accountability sheet.
In cases where a patient visited the study site between scheduled visits with an acute exacerbation of a UTI, an extra visit was carried out. The patient was then treated according to the decision of the physician and returned to receive study medication after confirmation of healing of the acute exacerbation. The prophylactic treatment with study medication or placebo ended after 90 days and a physical examination, including physical signs (blood pressure, pulse, body temperature), was carried out.
Subsequent to the end of the prophylactic treatment, two further visits were conducted (visit 6 at 120 days and visit 7 at 180 days after visit 2). During these visits the occurrence of a recurrent UTI and potential adverse events were recorded. At study end a physical examination was performed.
The physician recorded all confirmed recurrent UTIs prior to study start. During the course of the study an additional record was completed in which the physician recorded all recurrent UTIs, the treatment administered and the status of the patient.
This study was conducted according to ICH-GCP. The study protocol was approved by the independent ethics committees responsible for the respective study site.
Patients
A total of 219 patients were recruited in 35 active centres in Germany. The inclusion criteria were adults of both genders aged from 18 to 75 years with a medical history of at least three recurrent UTIs according to the records of the physician: two of the recurrent UTIs had to have been recorded during the past 6 months prior to study start. The patient had to present to the study site with an acute exacerbation of a UTI. For safety reasons, females of childbearing potential needed to employ an adequate contraception. The patient was asked to sign an informed consent form as approved by the independent ethics committee. Those noneligible were patients with progression of the infection from the proximal end of the bladder with systemic involvement (pyelonephritis, urisepsis), irritable bladder syndrome, abnormalities or obstruction of the urinary tract, medical history of surgery of the urinary tract, chronic organic dysfunction (for instance, chronic renal insufficiency), acute infection except the UTI, pyelonephritis, acute ulcers of the stomach or duodenum, known hypersensitivity to one of the ingredients, concurrent participation in a clinical trial or participation in a clinical trial in the past 14 days prior to study entry.
Treatment
Patients were randomised to receive either Angocin Anti-Infekt N film-coated tablets in a dosage of 2 tablets twice daily or placebo tablets in the identical dosage. Treatment was initiated at visit 2 after confirmation of successful healing of the acute UTI and was to last until day 90 of the study period. One tablet of the active study medication (Angocin Anti-Infekt N, Repha GmbH, Langenhagen, Germany) contained horseradish root 80 mg and nasturtium 200 mg. The placebo contained inactive ingredients (celluloses, iron oxides and hydroxides E 172, hypromellosis, macrogol, potato starch, sodium carboxy methyl starch, highly dispersed silicon dioxide, stearine acid, talcum, titanium dioxide E 171) only.
Placebo tablets were similar in appearance to the active drug tablets. One box of the study medication was supplied to each patient at the start of treatment and thereafter at visits 3, 4 and 5 for the respective intervals of 30 days each. Tablets were produced in accordance with GMP standards and, for the herbal components, standardised tests for the content were employed. Tablets were packaged into plastic containers according to GMP. The patients were asked to take the tablets after a meal with some fluid.
Randomisation and blinding
Patients were distributed to one of the two treatment groups and allocated randomly generated treatment numbers provided by the independent statistician. Packaging according to the randomisation list was carried out by the contract manufacturer.
Treatment boxes were then transported to the study sites. No interference by the manufacturer was therefore possible. Only the ‘master of the graduated plan’ held a sealed randomisation list for emergencies, but blinding was maintained and the code remained unbroken. Allocation of the treatment numbers to the medication was carried out by the manufacturer according to the randomisation list. The patients received the study drugs in boxes pre-numbered in consecutive order according to the time of their enrolment into the study, always using the lowest number available.
Both patient and physician remained blinded as to which preparation was being administered. The blind could be broken for an individual patient in the event of an emergency; however, no emergencies occurred. Moreover, all other study participants including monitor, auditor, biometrician, principal investigator and sponsor remained blinded throughout the study. The blinding was maintained during review of the complete database for patients’ validity and allocation to the populations of statistical analysis. Thereafter, the database was frozen and the code broken for statistical evaluation.
Safety
Safety variables were clinical signs, frequency and severity of reported adverse events, together with clinical laboratory tests (blood count, AST, ALT gammaGT) as well as body weight, body temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate recorded at each visit. Statistical analysis and sample size It was assumed that the two treatment groups showed identical standard deviations regarding the number of recurrent UTIs during the study period. Should the mean number of recurrences in the test group ([mu]-test) be half of the standard deviation lower as the mean number of recurrences in the placebo group ([mu] placebo) ([mu] test – [mu] placebo)/sigma = – 1/ 2), then a significant result with a probability (power) of 0.8 on the one-tailed level alpha = 0.05 could be expected. In order to achieve this, a sample size of 51 patients per group (total 102 patients) was required. In a clinical trial performed by Tammen21 which include 150 subjects, a standard deviation of approximately one UTI recurrence within 6 months was reported. Assuming the identical standard deviation for this study, a significant result with a power of 0.8 and a sample size of 100 patients was expected to be achieved, if the mean frequency of recurrences in the test group would be 1/2 lower than the mean in the placebo group.
The de-blinding was planned subsequent to a blinded data review and freeze of the database. For the analysis of all data between the treatment groups descriptive statistical methods (calculation of the means, standard deviations for quantitative variables, frequency of the contingency tables for categorical variables) were employed. The baseline values between the groups were compared by applicable statistical methods (t-distribution test, chi^sup 2^-adoption test etc.).
The primary efficacy criterion was chosen to be the difference of the means between the groups regarding the number of clinically confirmed recurrences during the study period tested by the t- distribution test. The nil hypothesis, that the number of recurrences in the test group was not lower than in the placebo group ([mu] test >/= [mu] placebo), was to be tested against the alternative hypothesis that this was not lower ([mu] test
It was laid down to carry out the statistical analysis for the intent-to-treat data set (ITT) as well as for the per-protocol data set (PP). It was determined that into the ITT data set, all patients would be subsumed, who were randomised and were available at least at visit 3. For patients participating in the clinical trial for
The patients’ satisfaction – measured with a visual analogue scale – had to be analysed statistically as secondary efficacy criterion and be compared between the treatment groups by the t- distribution test. For the visual analogue scale, Very bad’ was applicable for the worst and ‘excellent’ for the best judgement, whereas this was related to the general well-being and the satisfaction with the treatment. Satisfaction with the treatment was not a measure for efficacy and safety of the therapy.
Each AE had to be recorded in conjunction with supplementary information (severity, duration, relationship to study drug, action taken, results). The frequency of adverse events had to be compared between the treatment groups.
Results
In 35 active study sites a total of 219 patients were enrolled. One study site (the site of the principal investigator) was the outpatient department of a hospital. All other study sites were private practice. The flow of the patients through the study is shown in Table 1.
A total of 45 patients were not randomised and did not receive study medication. The remaining 174 patients were attributed to the ITT population. Out of these, 84 patients (48.3%) were treated with the active study medication and 90 patients (51.7%) with placebo. According to the protocol, the study was completed by 131 patients. For 28 patients, the acute UTI was not cured at visit 2.
Two patients in the test group (2.4%) and two patients in the placebo group were males (2.2%). All other patients were female. The mean age in the test group was 56.52 years (s = 18.83 years) and in the placebo group 52.32 years (s = 21.56 years). The difference is statistically not significant (p = 0.174, t-test). Means and standard deviations are displayed for height, weight, blood pressure, pulse and body temperature for visit 1 in Table 2. There are no statistical significant differences between the groups. All patients were attributed to the PP population which did not have a UTI at visit 2 (start of prophylactic treatment) and who finished the study according to the protocol. This group comprises a total number of 103 patients. A total of 51 patients (49.5%) were treated with the active medication and 52 (50.5%) received placebo.
Efficacy
Intention-to-treat
In the ITT population, the mean number of UTI relapses from start of prophylaxis until end of the study, was for the test group 0.65 and for the placebo group 0.64. The difference is not statistically significant (p (one-sided) = 0.476, t-test). For the period of 180 days (180 x number/time of observation), the mean number of UTI relapses was 0.74 for the test group and 0.63 for the placebo group (p (one-sided) = 0.260, t-test). For the period of prophylactic treatment (maximum 90 days) the mean number of UTI relapses was 0.44 for the test group and 0.39 for the placebo group (p (onesided) = 0.260, t-test). For 90 days the mean number of UTI relapses for the test group was 0.43 and for the placebo group 0.37 (p (one-sided) = 0.280).
Table 1. Patient flow
Table 2. Data for the ITT population at visit 1
Per protocol
In the PP population, the mean number of UTI relapses during the entire study period was 0.43 for the test group and 0.77 for the placebo group. This difference is statistically significant (p (one- sided) = 0.035, t-test). For 180 days, the mean number of UTI relapses for the test group was 0.43 and for the placebo group 0.75 (p (onesided) = 0.039, t-test). For the period of prophylactic treatment (maximum 90 days) the mean number of UTI relapses for the test group was 0.29 and for the placebo group 0.42 (p (one-sided) = 0.175, t-test). For 90 days the mean number of UTI relapses was 0.28 for the test group and 0.41 for the placebo group (p (one-sided) = 0.167).
Means and standard deviations for UTI relapses for the period of prophylactic treatment (between visits 2 and 5), subsequent to prophylactic treatment (between visit 5 and 7) and in total (between visits 2 and 7) are displayed in Table 3. For all periods the mean number of UTI relapses is lower in the test group compared with the placebo group. On the one-sided level alpha = 0.05 the differences for the period subsequent to prophylactic treatment (visits 5-7) and for the entire period between visit 2 and 7 are statistically significant (p (one-sided = 0.019 respectively 0.035). The nil hypotheses has therefore to be rejected and it has to be assumed that for the treatment with the test medication a lower number of UTI relapses is proven.
Means and standard deviations of days with prophylactic treatment and the entire study duration are displayed in Table 4, those of UTI relapses related to 90 days and 180 days are displayed in Table 5. The difference of the mean duration for the two groups is not statistically significant. The difference in the number of UTI relapses for 180 days is statistically significant on the one-sided level 0.05 significant (p = 0.039).
Patient satisfaction
Patient satisfaction with the therapy was recorded by the patient on a visual analogue scale. In both groups, at all visits, satisfaction with the therapy was judged with a mean score of 0.7. There is no statistical significant difference between the groups.
Safety
In all, 36 patients in the test group and 37 patients in the placebo group reported adverse events. One patient in the test group and two patients in the placebo group recorded serious adverse events (SAEs), none of which were associated with the study medication. One patient in the test group presented with a head wound and commotio cerebri. One patient from the placebo group was diagnosed with cancer of the duodenum. The second SAE in the placebo group was attributed to an episode of arterial hypertension and tachycardia, which made hospitalisation necessary. The adverse events observed were: nausea, flatulence, dysuria, vertigo, edema, hyperhidrosis, elevation of liver enzymes, allergy against test medication, nutritional allergy and laryngitis. There are no statistically significant differences between the treatment groups. The analysis of blood parameters (day -7, day 90), analysed in a central laboratory, did not reveal any adverse events.
Discussion
The data of this clinical study suggest the clinical efficacy and safety of Angocin Anti-Infekt N as a prophylactic treatment for chronically recurrent UTI.
For the PP data set, the mean number of UTI relapses for the entire study period for the test group was 0.43 versus 0.77 for the placebo group. This difference is statistically significant (p (one- sided) = 0.035, t-test). Therefore the clinical efficacy of the prophylactic treatment with Angocin Anti-Infekt N versus placebo is suggested to be proven.
Table 3. Confirmed UTI per patient during, following prophylaxis and total (PP)
Table 4. Duration of prophylactic treatment and entire study duration (PP)
Table 5. Number of UTIs during prophylactic treatment and total per 90 and 180 days (PP)
The primary efficacy criterion – the comparison of the number of relapses over the study period – was chosen in order to prove the efficacy of the medicinal product in a specific patient population. During enrolment of patients it was observed that the number of patients meeting the stringent inclusive and exclusive criteria was limited. This is due to the fact that after diagnosis, treatment with a standard antibiotic was started by the physician and healing was not confirmed as patients did not return for a follow-up visit. Therefore, there is a degree of uncertainty whether patients suffered from reinfections or from a relapse. Approximately 80% of recurring UTIs are reinfections occuring several weeks after antibiotic treatment has cleared up the initial episode. A different bacterial strain from the one that caused the original episode then needs to be treated. In certain circumstances, a long-term treatment with antibiotics is the preferred treatment option. However, this might lead to unwanted medical complications. Moreover, the resistance of bacteria against standard antibiotics is a substantial problem. This is also reflected in the study results, for instance in the ITT data set. The results are different from the analysis of the PP data set. This is due to the fact that for 28 patients at the start of prophylactic treatment (visit 2) the UTI was not completely cured with the standard antibiotics utilised in this study.
As the efficacy of Angocin Anti-Infekt N has been observed over decades in daily practice, it was the goal to verify former clinical investigations in an ICH-GCP clinical study. The sample size calculation for the study was based on published scientific data. The rationale for the assumption of a successful outcome of the trial was supported by recent in vitro studies. These confirmed the excellent antibacterial efficacy of the active ingredients of Angocin Anti-Infekt N. The mustard oils from horseradish root (alylisothiocyanate and phenylethylisothiocyanate) and the corresponding mustard oil contained in nasturtium (benzylisothiocyanate) revealed broad antibacterial activities against clinically relevant pathogens. The in vitro study demonstrated that the combination of the two active ingredients leads to a synergistic activity. Therefore it was important to verify the results in a clinical study.
A potential weakness of the study is that although the study was finalised with a PP data set according to the target sample size, a number of patients failed to enter the treatment phase with active treatment. This was due to the fact that 28 patients were not cured with standard antibiotic treatment at the start of prophylaxis. In total, 219 adults were screened and 174 patients enrolled. Out of these 174 patients, a group of 45 patients were screening failures. The study design to enrol patients who are only present with complete healing after an initial treatment with standard antibiotics is a potential strength of the study as this potentially gave evidence of treatment failures with standard antibiotic treatment.
Conclusion
The results of this prospective randomised placebocontrolled study suggest the efficacy and safety of Angocin Anti-Infekt N as a herbal medicinal product in the prophylactic treatment of chronically recurrent UTIs. The treatment can be regarded as a benefit for this special patient population, mostly women. A dose of 2 tablets twice daily of Angocin Anti-Infekt N is recommended. Based on these results, Angocin Anti-Infekt N may provide physicians with an alternative to long-term treatment with standard antibiotics. This study suggests efficacy and safety for a treatment period of 90 days.
Acknowledgements
Declaration of interest: This study was sponsored by Repha GmbH, Biologische Arzneimittel, Langenhagen, Germany. The authors thank all the physicians who took part in this challenging study for their essential contributions.
* Angocin Anti-Infekt N is a registered trade name of Repha GmbH, Langenhagen, Germany
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CrossRef links are available in the online published version of this paper: http://www.cmrojournal.com
Paper CMRO-4047_4, Accepted for publication: 02 August 2007
Published Online: 23 August 2007
doi: 10.1185/03007X233089
Uwe Albrecht(a), Karl-Heinz Goos(b) and Berthold Schneider(c)
a Mediconomics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
b Repha GmbH, Biologische Arzneimittel, Langenhagen, Germany
c Institut fur Biometrie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
Address for correspondence: Dr. Uwe W. Albrecht, Mediconomics GmbH, Hannover, Germany. Tel.: +49 (0) 511 560 998 0; Fax: +49 (0) 511 560 998 20; [email protected]
Copyright Librapharm Oct 2007
(c) 2007 Current Medical Research and Opinion. Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning. All rights Reserved.
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