Say Goodbye to Hair Dye: How to Get Rid of Gray Hair Naturally

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 24, 2019 Last Edited: January 17, 2019

Arch

Once you reach a certain age, your follicles start producing less melanin, the pigment that gives your hair its natural color. As a result, your hair starts turning white, gray, or silver. While this process usually doesn’t begin before the age of 35, many people notice the first signs of graying in their early twenties. This is typically determined by genetics, but some health conditions can also lead to premature graying.

Even though gray hair is completely normal, many women and men find that it ages them. To achieve a more youthful look, they search for ways how to get rid of gray hair and restore their natural hair color.

The Risks of Dyeing Your Hair

As soon as they spot their first grays, many decide to cover them up with hair dyes. However, dyeing your hair isn’t as safe as you may think. For one, the combination of ammonia and peroxide lifts the cuticles that protect your hair from damage and strips your strands from their natural protective oils. The longer you leave hair dye on your head, the more damage you cause to your hair – and that’s not all.

Regular use of hair dyes can have a negative effect on all aspects of your health, not just your hair. According to a 2001 study, women who dye their hair once a month are considerably more likely to develop bladder cancer than women who don’t use hair dyes. In addition, hair dyes contain resorcinol, a chemical that disrupts normal hormonal function and causes a number of health problems as a result.

Hair dyes contain several other potentially harmful chemicals. These include formaldehyde, PPD, coal tar, and eugenol. All these ingredients have been linked to allergies, cancer, and impaired immunity.

To avoid the risks associated with the use of hair dyes, many people look for more natural ways to get rid of grays. They either opt to tweak their diet or use one of the many tried and proven home remedies to achieve the desired result.

How to Get Rid of Gray Hair with Nutrient-Rich Foods

While most people don’t notice gray hairs until their mid-30s, many will have to face this problem at a younger age. Nutritional deficiencies are among the most common causes of premature graying. A 2015 study found that a lack of key vitamins and minerals can strip your hair of its natural color.

Furthermore, the study suggested that you may be able to restore your hair’s original color through supplementation, but only in the early stages of graying. To try and reverse the graying of the hair, you should increase your intake of foods that are rich in the following five nutrients.

1. Folic Acid

Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, helps keep your hair healthy and strong. Insufficient quantities of folic acid in your body can cause several health problems, including gray hair.

Adults need about 400 micrograms of vitamin B9 a day, whereas pregnant women require an extra 100-200 micrograms per day. You’ll find folic acid in dark leafy greens, legumes, root vegetables, and avocados. Citrus fruits are also rich in folic acid, with one orange containing about 50 micrograms.

2. Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is another nutrient that could help you get rid of gray hair. Adults need about 3 micrograms of B12 a day, whereas the requirement is slightly higher for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

You can find B12 in a variety of foods including beef, animal liver, and animal kidneys. Tuna, clams, trout, salmon, and sardines also contain high amounts of vitamin B12. If you’re vegan, you can get your daily dose of vitamin B12 from fortified cereal and fortified nutritional yeast.

3. Biotin

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is commonly used to reverse the graying of the hair. Although most people get enough biotin from their regular diets, some may need to use supplements to get the recommended 30 micrograms a day (35 if they’re breastfeeding).

If you want to add more biotin to your diet, animal liver may be the best choice as that’s where most biotin is stored. You will also find it in dairy, nuts and seeds, as well as egg yolks. Other good sources of biotin include avocado, yeast, cauliflower, sweet potatoes, and salmon.

4. Iron

A 2012 study found that low levels of iron in the body can also cause premature graying. Adults between the ages of 19 and 50 need about 18 milligrams of iron per day, while pregnant women need 27mg.

You’ll find lots of iron in lentils, kidney beans, and spinach. Potatoes are also a good source of iron, as are prunes and prune juice. Raisins contain plenty of iron, as well, with 1.9mg per 100 grams of raisins.

5. Copper

The same study found that a copper deficiency may also result in premature graying. The recommended daily intake of copper varies – adults need 900 micrograms a day, pregnant women need 1,000, while women who are breastfeeding need 1,300 micrograms of copper each day.

Good dietary sources of copper include dark leafy greens, mushrooms, lentils, and potatoes. You will also find copper in dried fruit, sea foods like oysters and lobsters, as well as nuts and seeds.

How to Get Rid of Gray Hair with Home Remedies

For optimal results, you can combine a nutrient-rich diet with one of the following three home remedies for graying hair.

1. Onion Hair Mask

Process a small onion in a blender and use a soft muslin cloth to strain the juice. Apply this juice to your scalp twice a week and let it sit for half an hour before washing your hair. If you find the smell of onion too strong, you can mix in a tablespoon of olive oil and one egg to soften it.

2. Coconut Oil and Curry Leaves

The Indian traditional medicine Ayurveda uses coconut oil to treat many conditions, symptoms, and problems, including gray hair. In combination with curry leaves, it could also help darken your graying hair. Simply mix a cup of unrefined coconut oil with a 1/4 cup of curry leaves and heat until you see black residue forming. Let it cool, apply to your scalp, and leave it in for an hour. Repeat twice a week.

3. Rosemary and Sage Hair Rinse

Combine two tablespoons of fresh rosemary leaves with one tablespoon of fresh sage leaves. If you’re using dried ingredients, go for one tablespoon of rosemary leaves and half a tablespoon of sage leaves. Add them to two cups of boiling water, cover the saucepan, and simmer for a few minutes. Strain the mixture to remove the leaves and pour the water through your hair while massaging it in. Leave it in for about 10 minutes before washing it off with a mild shampoo. Repeat this twice a week.

The Final Word

In addition to dietary changes and home remedies, certain lifestyle changes may also help you fight gray hair. These include quitting smoking, protecting your hair from the sun, and not exposing your hair to potentially harmful chemicals found in hair care products, soaps, and bleaches.

Before you decide to change your diet or start using any of these remedies, make sure that you’re not allergic to any of the ingredients they contain. If necessary, consult with your doctor first.

References:

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/hair-dye-process_n_4181186
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251984
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25772749
http://dev.biologists.org/content/142/4/620.eLetters
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002408.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26024497
https://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/biotin
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21979243
https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/ayurvedic-treatments
https://www.healthline.com/health/home-remedies-for-gray-hair#lifestyle-changes

Health

How to Cure Bursitis: Conservative Methods and Advanced Treatment

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 23, 2019 Last Edited: January 17, 2019

Arch

Do you have a joint which feels stiff or sore? Alternatively, your joint might hurt when you move or apply pressure to it. It can also be red and swollen. If this applies to you, then it is quite possible you’re suffering from bursitis.

Bursitis is a relatively common medical condition and is, typically, not an excessively serious one. Although, it can often be quite painful. Of course, complications are always possible so you need to make sure you know exactly what you are dealing with and when to ask for medical help. This article will explain how to cure bursitis and will cover both the measures you can take at home and the treatments your doctor may prescribe if the more conservative approach does not bear fruit.

But before we get to the cure, we first need to quickly go over what bursitis actually is and what causes it. This will make it easier to explain how to go about treating it.

What Is Bursitis?

When a bursa (or several bursae) become inflamed, the resulting medical condition is what is known as bursitis. A bursa is, put plainly, a small sac. It is filled with fluid and serves as a cushion which reduces the friction around your joint created by the bones, muscles, and tendons.

When a bursa is healthy, it creates a smooth surface which facilitates normal and painless movement. But when you have an inflammation, you can experience some (or all) of the symptoms we mentioned at the very start of this article.

You can find bursae around just about every major joint in your body. In fact, there are over 150 of them in total. Any of the bursae can become inflamed and lead to bursitis, but there are certain spots on your body where this condition is the most likely to develop. These include the shoulders, knees, elbows, hips, and feet – specifically, the area around the heel.

The Causes

Probably the most common cause of bursitis is putting your joint under too much stress. This can be due to repetitive motions or spending extended periods of time in positions that apply added pressure on the joint and the bursae. One example would be repeatedly lifting an object over your head. Another is leaning on your elbow or kneeling for long periods.

Another common way to develop bursitis is due to physical injury to an area near a bursa. An infection can also be the reason behind it. Finally, this issue can also be associated with some other conditions such as arthritis or gout.

As you can see, bursitis can affect just about anyone. Still, certain factors can increase the risk for an individual to develop it. Unsurprisingly, one of those factors is age. As you get older, your body will simply be unable to deal with such issues as effectively as it once could.

Additionally, certain professions and hobbies can make you more likely to develop bursitis. As you can guess, this would be any work or activity which involves a repetitive motion or puts a specific bursa under pressure. This can be something like carpet laying (due to the kneeling) or playing a musical instrument. Because of this association, certain types of bursitis are also known under names such as “housemaid’s knee” or “student’s elbow”, among many others.

Furthermore, excessive body weight can also contribute to a person developing bursitis in their hip or knee.

Treatment

Now that we’ve explained what bursitis is, some of the treatment options should be pretty easy to guess. What’s more, you frequently won’t need to do much in the way actively treating it. Still, some cases will require more advanced treatment methods, and a lot will depend on whether the condition involves an infection.

Conservative Treatment

In many cases, resting the joint which is affected by bursitis is all you need to do to treat it. In other words, it will get better on its own. It will usually take a few weeks for the symptoms to disappear completely, although it is not uncommon to experience the occasional flare-up.

During this period, there are some measures you can take to relieve the associated pain and discomfort.

First and foremost is not overusing the affected joint and ensuring it does not suffer further trauma. This entails rest and limiting your movements. Additionally, if the bursitis is in your knee and you tend to sleep on your side, you can place a pillow between your legs to reduce the pressure.

You can also apply ice to help the swelling subside – this is particularly effective within the first couple of days following the appearance of the symptoms. After that period, applying heat (in the form of warm baths or heating pads) may also be beneficial.

You can also combat the inflammation and reduce the pain with the help of certain over-the-counter medications – ibuprofen is one such drug.

Advanced Treatment

If the above methods don’t produce the desired results after a while or if your symptoms are severe, you need to see a doctor. They will have several options when it comes to further treatment.

For one, we’ve mentioned that bursitis can involve an infection (septic bursitis). If that is the case, the doctor can give you an antibiotic to take.

Injections of corticosteroids into the affected bursa are another option. This can be very helpful if other treatment methods fail to sufficiently reduce the inflammation and pain. This tends to produce results quickly, and a single injection will often be enough.

Alternatively, your doctor may have you use a walking cane or a similar device for a while in order to reduce the pressure on the area in question. Physical therapy is another option. This can not only reduce the pain but also prevent the condition from recurring.

Finally, surgical drainage of the inflamed bursa is sometimes necessary. As a last resort, the bursa can also be removed via surgery.

Final Words

Hopefully, this article has given you sufficient information on how to cure bursitis. You often won’t need to do much else besides resting the affected joint, but not all cases are as benign as that. If your problems are severe, you will have to go to your doctor. Either way, you now know what you can expect.

References:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bursitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353242
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bursitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353247
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/orthopaedic_disorders/bursitis_85,P00047
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10918-bursitis

Health

Tips and Tricks on How to Get Rid of Ingrown Hair

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 23, 2019 Last Edited: January 17, 2019

Arch

By definition, an ingrown hair is a hair that curls and starts growing back into the skin instead of out. It’s a common occurrence after shaving, waxing, or plucking. Besides being downright irritating, ingrown hair can be painful and cause mild inflammation.

This annoying skin/hair condition affects both men and women and can appear in any part of the body. In most cases, ingrown hairs get better on their own and require little to no treatment. The best way of prevention is to not remove any hair, but before that, humankind may need an attitude adjustment regarding the desirability of having more hair than less.

Until that day arrives, ingrown hair is likely to appear on your face and body. Luckily, there are a few things that you can do to deal with this problem – keep reading for the tried-and-tested methods.

How to Get Rid of Ingrown Hair

The following methods can be applied to any ingrown hair regardless of the body part. You should be able to quickly remove the hair on your own, but if it becomes a chronic condition, you may want to consult a dermatologist.

Other than that, feel free to give some of the following methods a try.

Leave It Be

First, you should give the hair some time to find its way out and penetrate through your skin. A week or so is usually enough for it to grow out. While waiting for the hair to pop up, you should refrain from scratching and picking the area. Also refrain from shaving since it can damage the ingrown hair surface and make it worse or cause infection.

This is particularly so for sensitive areas like pubes and armpits. Just be patient and try to wait it out, before moving onto other methods.

Exfoliation

Besides getting rid of ingrown hair, regular exfoliation may also prevent it from reappearing. It removes dead cells from the top skin layer, which keeps your pores open and allows the hair to grow out faster.

However, to successfully exfoliate, you need to know your skin type. There are two different kinds of exfoliation, chemical and mechanical, and your skin may react better to one than the other.

For example, people with sensitive skin usually benefit from a mild exfoliating cream or lotion and a washcloth. On the other hand, those who have thick oily skin may consider more potent chemical treatment and mechanical exfoliation.

Try to Break Down the Ingrown Hair

If you can already see the red bump on your skin, you should try to gently break it down. It doesn’t mean attempting to pop the ingrown hair by any means, but quite the contrary.

While showering, carefully massage the area with a mitt and tap dry it afterward. Apply a salicylic acid-based cream onto the affected area and repeat the process in the morning and evening.

Suitable for most skin types, salicylic acid dissolves the dead skin cells which prevent normal hair growth. You just need to be patient as it can take up to five days for this method to take effect.

It is also advisable to add a cortisone cream. Cortisone constricts blood vessels, resulting in reduced swelling, redness, and pain. You only have to apply it once after the salicylic acid cream has dried.

Use a Warm Washcloth

This method should work great if you are able to see the hair under your skin. It makes your skin and hair softer, opens up the pores, and allows the hair to come up to the surface.

Wring the washcloth after you soak it in hot water and press the cloth over the ingrown hair. Repeat the process when the washcloth cools down. A few tries and the hair may just appear on the surface.

Remove the Ingrown Hair Mechanically

It is also possible to pull the hair out of your skin. You need a pair of steady hands, sterile needle, and tweezers. However, this method shouldn’t be used on areas with sensitive skin, such as the face, since there is some risk of infection.

Use the sterile needle to slowly coerce the hair out of your skin. Take your time in this step since you want to avoid cuts and other skin damage. Once you see the top of the hair, grab the tweezers and carefully pull the hair out, but don’t pluck it. You just want to get the ingrown section out.

If the ingrown hair loops around, try to fit the needle through the loop and carefully pull it out until you see the top of the hair.

Cleaning the area and applying some soothing cream is recommended after you’re done with this method.

How to Prevent Ingrown Hair

By now, you should have a more complete understanding of how to get rid of ingrown hair. Nevertheless, there are still things that you can do to minimize the chances of developing them in the first place.

Use a moisturizing soap and warm water on the areas that you shave often. Also, don’t forget to wet your skin before you start shaving since there is a greater risk of ingrown hair if the area is dry. There are pre-shaving skin cleansers and shaving creams that you can use to prepare your skin for shaving.

Choosing the right kind of shaver is also important for women as well as men. Cheap disposable razors might work for some, but more expensive razors usually translate to better skin protection. In addition, always shave with the grain of your hair. Going against the grain gets you a closer shave at the cost of increasing the risk of ingrown hair.

On the other hand, if you struggle with ingrown hair after waxing, exfoliation is usually the best way to minimize the risk.

The Final Pluck

How to get rid of ingrown hair? Well, as you can see, the methods are quite easy. You need to develop a proper skin care routine and be patient with this skin condition.

Nevertheless, some people may want to consider more permanent hair removal options like laser and chemical treatments. There is no risk of ingrown hair but these treatments are not suitable for all body parts and perhaps sensitive skin.

References:

https://atopicdermatitis.net/medications-over-the-counter/
https://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/salicylic-acid-topical
https://www.aad.org/public/skin-hair-nails/skin-care/exfoliation
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ingrown-hair/symptoms-causes/syc-20373893

Health

How to Cure a Hangover

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 22, 2019 Last Edited: January 17, 2019

Arch

A few drinks, OK, maybe more than a few, and there is a strong possibility you’ll regret it the next morning. The head feels swollen, the eyes grow dim, and the battle of the Alamo seems to be raging in the stomach. Not to mention drowsiness and general nausea.

To some, these symptoms are all too familiar. The first question that pops into the mind is how to cure a hangover? There are a few things that one can do to get out of this self-inflicted condition. But before you get to the best tips and tricks for getting rid of hangover, it makes sense to take a closer look at the condition itself.

Hangover 101

By definition, a hangover is a group of symptoms that appear as a result of recent binge drinking. The telltale signs include but may not be limited to sickness, disorientation, headache, and sleepiness. Contrary to popular belief, a hangover can appear at any time, not just the morning after heavy drinking.

The psychological symptoms might even be worse than the physical ones. People often feel embarrassed, shameful, and even temporarily depressed. The intensity of physical and psychological symptoms is linked to the amount of alcohol consumed. However, it is nearly impossible to determine the safe amount since a lot of individual factors are at play.

For example, fatigue, hunger, and poor hydration can make the hangover worse. This is also the case if you didn’t get enough sleep after a weekend of bar-hopping.

How to Cure a Hangover?

Unfortunately, there is not a single cure that can shake off the hangover. It is recommended to sleep and rest a lot and to rehydrate in order to feel better.

Since there’s no such thing as a magic hangover pill, check out some of the most effective methods to save yourself from a hangover:

Fluids Galore

Alcohol is a potent diuretic by itself, which leads to increased urination. This causes you to lose the electrolytes and fluids that are necessary for normal bodily functions. Vomiting can only make things worse.

Water, on the other hand, is probably the best fluid for keeping hydrated. It is recommended to chase every alcoholic drink with a glass of water. In addition, one should drink ample amounts of water on the day of the hangover to alleviate the symptoms.

Tea and black coffee are other fluids that might help as well. They don’t have any particular anti-hangover properties but generally help when one feels groggy. Coffee is a relatively powerful diuretic, so it can speed up the dehydration process.

Supplements

So far, the research has been limited but some supplements are known to improve hangover and they include:

Prickly Pear

According to a 2004 study, prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) extract may cut hangover intensity by 50%.

Ginger

Hangover symptoms can be treated with a palatable mix of brown sugar, tangerine extract, and ginger. The cocktail might feel too overpowering to chug down the next morning, but this folk remedy is known to help.

Red Ginseng

A 2014 research showed that red ginseng supplements may affect alcohol levels, thus improving hangover recovery. Besides red ginseng, Siberian ginseng (Acanthopanax senticosus) can also help.

Borage Oil

Based on a 2012 study, a supplement which contains a combination of starflower seed oil, borage oil, and prickly pear markedly reduces hangover symptoms.

Eat a Hearty Breakfast

As nausea is one of the main signs of hangover, even thinking about food might make one feel like vomiting. However, eating a fatty and carb-rich breakfast is one of the best ways to get rid of the symptoms.

The nausea is often caused by low blood sugar level in the morning. Eating a hearty breakfast fixes the problem and may improve other alcohol-induced metabolic changes. For example, it’s known to thwart acid buildup (metabolic acidosis) in the body which can be one of the causes of fatigue and vomiting.

What’s more, a good breakfast helps you replenished some of the minerals and vitamins lost due to excessive alcohol intake.

Hair of the Dog

You may have heard this before. There’s a saying that you can drink more to recover from a hangover. This potion is known as hair of the dog.

Unfortunately, there isn’t any scientific evidence that supports this. But alcohol is a painkiller, so that may help with the hangover.

Other Things That Can Help

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like ibuprofen and aspirin can aid with the headache and the feeling of soreness overall. You may even consider taking a pill that very night before going to bed to lessen the symptoms in the morning.

However, NSAIDs may cause additional stomach irritation. On the other hand, other popular household pain reliever, Tylenol or acetaminophen, may expedite alcohol-induced toxicity in the liver. But taking vitamin B6 doesn’t come with any side effects.

According to a Harvard Medical School article, a study from more than 30 years ago concluded that vitamin B6 could reduce the symptoms of hangover. The participants were split into groups that took 1,200mg of the vitamin before, during, and immediately after getting drunk.

One for the Road

Hopefully, this write-up helped you get a more complete understanding of how to cure a hangover. But this doesn’t mean you should go binge drinking without a care. A hangover, severe or otherwise, is a sign that your body has been intoxicated, which affects your brain, liver, and metabolism.

So, the best way to treat hangover would be to prevent it from occurring. This doesn’t only mean that you need to drink moderately. You may also want to avoid drinking on an empty stomach and remember to drink enough water. Mineral water that is rich in magnesium is usually a good choice as it can help maintain your electrolytes.

References:

Health

How Long Does Shingles Last

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 22, 2019 Last Edited: January 17, 2019

Arch

Shingles is a viral skin condition caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is also the one responsible for chickenpox. This is why there is a possibility for the VZV to reactivate in the form of shingles for an adult who had chickenpox.

To be more precise, the virus affects the nerve cells and may stay dormant in the cells after the person gets over chickenpox, only to come back later in life. Some of the early symptoms of shingles include sensations such as pain and burning, which may also be milder numbness and tingling. Rashes and blisters would develop in the area several days after the pain.

How Long Does Shingles Last?

In general, shingles last between three and five weeks. People usually get it only once, but that is not set in stone.

The symptoms develop in a few stage stages. At the onset, shingles is characterized by a burning sensation, itchiness, or sharp pain under the skin. Some people might feel numbness as well.

Singles may affect various areas of the body. The first symptoms may appear on the face, around the eyes, or on the ears. But it is not uncommon to get shingles on the chest, back, waist, or thigh.

Regardless of the afflicted body part, the burning sensation and tingling are followed by a red rash within five days of the first symptoms. Soon after, the rash develops into blisters that are full of fluid are localized into small groups. Like all blisters, they might ooze.

In about ten days, the blisters would become dry and crusted. In most cases, it’ll take about two more weeks for the scabs to be gone.

Are There Any Long-Term Complications?

Unfortunately, there are some long-term problems associated with shingles. Most notably, post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). This long-term side effect is characterized by an incessant pain which remains in the place where the rash/blisters had been. And senior people are usually more susceptible to PNH.

For some, post-herpetic neuralgia may be the cause of anxiety and even depression. Those affected can also experience sleeplessness and weight loss. What’s more, this condition is known to affect normal daily activities such as eating, cooking, and getting dressed. If any of these symptoms appear, it is recommended to seek medical help.

On the bright side, PHN can be successfully treated with steroid medications which reduce the pain and the duration of the condition. In addition, anticonvulsants, analgesics, and antidepressants may also be prescribed for the pain and other PHN symptoms. At the end of the day, there is no real need to worry since PHN usually goes away with time.

Other long-term complications may include infection of the blister – usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The infected blisters may leave a scar so it’s paramount to refrain from scratching and keep the affected area as clean as possible. Nevertheless, if the infection does occur, some antibiotic treatment might be required to stop it from spreading.

Note: Shingles on the face is regarded as a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. If the eyes are affected, the complications may lead to eyesight damage and even blindness. The afflicted might also develop temporary facial paralysis or hearing loss.

Who Gets Shingles?

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about one in three people in the US is likely to develop shingles. There is still no way to exactly determine who is going to develop the condition. Nevertheless, there are some risk factors you should know about.

As mentioned, people who had chickenpox have a greater chance of getting shingles. The risk increases as one grows older since the body may struggle to ward off infections. Roughly 50% of the diagnosed patients are in their 60s. The likelihood becomes much greater as a person reaches 70 years of age.

Besides the seniors, people with a weakened immune system might also be prone to getting shingles. Cancer patients and those with HIV infection are at greater risk. The same goes for organ transplant patients who take immunosuppressants. But healthy individuals can get shingles as well, especially if the immune system is temporarily impaired. For example, prolonged exposure to the sun or cold and stress.

Is Shingles Contagious?

Luckily, there is no way to get shingles from the patient. However, there is a possibility to get chickenpox instead. So, it is a good idea to keep away from a person with shingles if you haven’t had chickenpox.

Likewise, people who have shingles should stay away from those who have a weakened immunity or never had chickenpox.

How to Treat Shingles?

Prescription antivirals like Valtrex, Zovirax, and Famvir can get rid of the virus and lessen the symptoms. In addition, doctors usually recommend other over-the-counter medication to ease the irritation and pain. For example, Benadryl or diphenhydramine can help with the itching and Advil lessens the pain.

On top of that, there are some simple lifestyle changes and home remedies that can help fight shingles. The first line of defense is a combination of ample rest and a well-balanced diet. It wouldn’t hurt to add moderate exercise and start walking more. Placing a cool washcloth over the blisters eases the pain and helps to keep them dry.

Comfortable natural-fiber clothes are also strongly recommended. In addition, calamine lotions and oatmeal baths may soothe the skin and help with the symptoms. There are also ways to prevent shingles from spreading. For example, don’t touch or scratch the rash and keep it covered. In addition, frequent washing of hands may prevent the blisters from becoming infected.

The Bottom Line

Now that you have the answer to the question – how long does shingles last, it’s worth noting that a patient may feel better if they share the problem with friends and family. In addition, taking up activities that can take your mind away from the pain may be beneficial as well. So, feel free to read, listen to music, and enjoy other favorite activities of yours.

References:

https://www.drugs.com/diphenhydramine.html
https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/overview.html
https://www.healthline.com/health/mrsa
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1143066-overview
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chickenpox/symptoms-causes/syc-20351282

Health

How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your Blood and Body

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 21, 2019 Last Edited: January 17, 2019

Arch

Nicotine is one of the most addictive substances, which makes smoking a habit that’s notoriously hard to shake. And even if one manages to quit, traces of the substance will still be present in one’s system days after going cold turkey.

E-cigarettes are considered a less harmful alternative to conventional cigarettes. However, e-cigarette cartridges contain as much as 21 to 85% nicotine. The body won’t know the difference so it will absorb the nicotine just the same.

So, how long does nicotine stay in your blood and body? To get the answer, you should take a closer look at the way and rate the human body absorbs this dangerous toxin.

Smoking and Nicotine Ingestion

Tobacco companies make sure to provide a variety of cigarettes to suit individual nicotine addicts. On average, a single cigarette has 12 milligrams of nicotine, about 1 milligram of which reaches the bloodstream.

Once inside the bloodstream, nicotine tests measure nicotine concentration in nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml). This depends on individual smoking habits. For example, the average smoker may have up to 50ng/ml of cotinine – one of the nicotine metabolites – in their blood. But for heavy smokers, the levels can reach a staggering 500ng/ml.

How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your Blood?

It’ll take about a couple of hours after smoking for your body to remove 50% of the ingested nicotine. On average, it can still be detected in the bloodstream for one to three days after you stopped smoking.

The primary nicotine metabolite, cotinine, can show up in blood tests even after 10 days. The time it takes to fully purge either nicotine or cotinine from the blood may depend on the severity of the smoking habit and individual metabolism.

As for the tests, they can be divided into two categories: quantitative test for the amount of nicotine and qualitative test for the presence of the substance. But you are not out of the woods after three days. Most of the tests also look for the major nicotine metabolites, cotinine and anabasine, which are both alkaloids that stay in the blood for much longer than nicotine.

There is also a strong possibility of a false positive. The culprit for this is the chemical called thiocyanate, which appears in the bloodstream as a result of smoking but is also common in some medications and foods like cabbage and broccoli.

How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your Urine?

Things are a bit different with nicotine urine tests. For casual smokers, detectable cotinine levels can be present in urine for up to four days. This might go up to three weeks for heavy smokers.

The amount of cotinine or nicotine detected depends on the timing of the urine sample. For example, those who haven’t quit smoking may have up to 1,000 ng/mL of the substance in their urine. But a couple of weeks after quitting, the levels usually drop precipitously but may stay above 30 ng/mL, the threshold for a positive result.

The labs use different reference ranges to interpret nicotine tests. So, if need be, you might need to go over the results with your physician.

Hair Follicle and Saliva Test

Besides blood and urine, trace amounts of nicotine stay in your saliva and hair follicles. In fact, certain hair follicle tests might show positive results up to a year after the last nicotine exposure. But generally, traces of nicotine usually stay in hair follicles for about three months.

When it comes to saliva, it takes your body about four days to purge the saliva of nicotine and cotinine. Unlike hair follicle tests, saliva is commonly used to test for nicotine.

Factors That Influence Nicotine Levels

Some common rules are applicable here. As previously stated, certain individual factors also apply and may be responsible for a prolonged presence of the substance.

Smokers can be divided into three categories. Those who smoke once a week are considered light users. Their body generally gets rid of traceable nicotine in about three days after the last exposure. Moderate users are those who smoke a few times a week and they may expect to test positive for a couple of weeks after quitting.

People who smoke on a daily basis fall under the heavy user category. The nicotine in their blood, urine, and saliva might linger for up to twelve months. But there are other factors that come into play.

With age, it becomes more difficult for the body to deal with nicotine. And the genetic makeup may also play a significant role. Certain studies indicate that Caucasian and Hispanic people metabolize the substance quicker than African and Asian people.

Hormones and liver enzymes may influence the amount of nicotine in the body as well. For example, women who take estrogen or are pregnant might get rid of nicotine faster than men.

How to Purge Nicotine from Your Blood and Body

Abstaining from cigarettes and other products that contain nicotine is the best way to get the toxin out of your system. During abstinence, the cells work hard to remove traces of nicotine from your body.

In addition, there are a few things that you can do to expedite this process. The first line of defense is being well-hydrated. In other words, the more water you drink, the faster the nicotine leaves via your urine.

An antioxidant-rich diet helps as well. Some of the foods you should go for include carrots and oranges. They contain immunity-boosting antioxidants and fibers which may accelerate nicotine removal.

Another way to boost your metabolism is to take up exercise. Nicotine and all of its metabolites are released through sweat when exercising.

The Final Puff

If you haven’t stopped smoking, now is as good a time as any to start. After abstaining from nicotine for a few months, there’ll be no need to wonder how long does nicotine stay in your blood.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2946180/
https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/11/3/176
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0091743579900124
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Anabasine#section=Top
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/15D8BBF6393C6093C2076546E6515457/S1834261214000279a.pdf/nicotine_pharmacology_toxicity_and_therapeutic_use.pdf
https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/23/suppl_2/ii30
https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/electronic-cigarettes-good-news-bad-news-2016072510010

Health

How Long Does Hep A Vaccine Last

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 21, 2019 Last Edited: January 17, 2019

Arch

Thanks to vaccines, many serious infections and diseases that took countless lives are now almost a thing of the past. In fact, hepatitis A incidence rate has dwindled by an amazing 95% since the vaccine was first introduced in the US in 1995.

But in 2016, there has been an increase in hep A cases as a result of food imports. And this makes it all the more important to get a shot of hep A vaccine. But you may still wonder how long does hep A vaccine last?

How Long Are You Protected?

Unfortunately, it is still hard to pinpoint the precise duration of the hep A vaccine. On the bright side, children who received a three-dose vaccine and adults who received a two-dose vaccine should be safe for 20 years.

In addition, some studies suggest that the vaccine antibodies may be present for forty or more years. This is particularly true for vaccinated children.

So, it is obvious that the vaccine may last for quite a while. However, you should still get a better understanding of the infection itself and the revaccination requirements.

What Is Hepatitis A?

In a nutshell, hep A is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. Since the liver is a major organ, this can be quite serious and some reports suggest that about 42% of the afflicted had to be hospitalized.

Hep A patients often feel very sick. Nevertheless, some people might not exhibit any symptoms at all. But when the symptoms do occur, they appear all of a sudden and include fatigue, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. Of course, signs of a dysfunctional liver will be on display.

Patients often have dark urine and clay-colored diarrhea. This is usually accompanied by loss of appetite, joint pain, and jaundice. It’s worth noting that jaundice does not usually appear in young children (under the age of 6).

Hepatitis A infection has quite a long incubation period of about 28 days on average. But, depending on some specific conditions, it may go up to 50 days. In addition, this liver infection is not easy to shake off. The symptoms usually persist for about two months. In 10 to 15% of the cases, the infection may last up to half a year.

This might sound alarming, but you may rest easier to know that hepatitis A is not a chronic condition. In fact, the IG antibodies developed during the infection would prevent it from ever occurring again.

Who Should Get Vaccinated?

The common practice in most of the developed world is to vaccinate all children at the age of one. And it is highly recommended to get vaccinated or revaccinated if you are at a greater risk of contracting the infection. This goes double for people who might be prone to hep A complications.

Those who are at greater risks can be divided into several categories. Frequent travelers to counties with high incidences of hepatitis A. It may not be enough to just maintain good hygiene, mind your food, and stay in high-end hotels.

People who work with primates might also be at greater risks of contracting hep A infection. The same goes for liver disease patients, those with clotting disorders, and homosexual/bisexual men.

The Hep A Vaccine and How It’s Administered

The hep A vaccine is an inactivated vaccine shot which contains dead hepatitis A virus. And in light of the recent anti-vaccination lobby, it should be stated that this vaccine is perfectly safe. Since its first introduction in 1995, millions of people have been inoculated without any serious complications.

Some minor side effects may appear, including soreness in the injection site, mild fever, and fatigue. These symptoms disappear on their own after a few days and allergic reactions to the vaccine are very rare. What’s more, this vaccine doesn’t pose any threat to pregnant women or the fetus.

As for the type of hep A vaccine in the US, there are two licensed single-antigen vaccines (VAQTA and HAVRIX) and a combination vaccine called TWINRIX. For the shots, you can get any combination of the above.

It doesn’t interfere with other vaccines so it can be administered at the same time as other vaccines like the ones for diphtheria, polio, cholera, yellow fever, etc. The injection area is, of course, different.

As mentioned, two doses of the vaccine are required for 20-plus-years of protection. In general, at least 6 months should go by between the shots. Adults receive the vaccine in the upper arm muscle and children in the thigh muscle.

Other Important Hepatitis A Vaccine Facts

People who are on hemodialysis and those with AIDS shouldn’t worry – it’s safe for them to get vaccinated since it’s an inactivated vaccine. What’s more, there is no harm in receiving additional shots if a person lost his medical history.

In some cases, prevaccination testing may apply. This is usually done to keep the vaccination cost down and may include people of certain ethnic groups and those who live in areas with high hep A incidence rate. The same rule applies to intravenous drug users.

The protection usually begins two to four weeks after the first shot. In light of the long incubation period of the hepatitis A virus, the protection may start right away.

Hep A isn’t treated with any antivirals and the liver has a remarkable ability to self-regenerate. Doctors usually prescribe sufficient hydration, plenty of rest, and proper nutrition, though some people might need to be hospitalized for additional medical care.

The Final Shot

How long does hep A vaccine last? If properly administered, it can last well into your adulthood. Nevertheless, it wouldn’t hurt (at least not too much) to get revaccinated if you are traveling to areas known for hep A infections.

References:

https://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM224555.pdf
https://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM110049.pdf
https://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM110079.pdf
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/hepatitis-a
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1335649
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1475999
http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4204.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26190091
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28092416
https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/havfaq.htm

Health

Do Mold Bomb Foggers Work

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 18, 2019 Last Edited: January 17, 2019

Arch

Various studies suggest a prevalence of mold and dampness in US homes, to the tune of about 47% of all homes.

Asthma, acute bronchitis, and allergic rhinitis are just some of the potential medical conditions that mold can cause or worsen. And it’s all the more worrisome if there are children in the house.

So, what can you do about it? Do mold bomb foggers work?

The simple answer is yes, they do. However, their effectiveness may depend on several factors.

Removing Mold with Foggers

Mold bomb foggers and certain mold aerosols are effective at eradicating the accumulated spores. In addition, the fogger is great for treating areas that are hard to reach. If you only have a mold problem, a smaller mold fogger in the form of an aerosol spray may do the trick.

However, you might not be able to mold that invades a large area of your home with commercial mold foggers. Serious mold infestation usually requires a cold fog machine. Don’t hesitate to contact a mold removal company if you suspect that some materials in your house have been damaged beyond repair.

For mild invasions and mold prevention, feel free to use over-the-counter mold bombs in any room of the house. They are also a good solution for removing spores from different types of furniture, wooden decks, and walls (drywalls included).

In addition, regular mold bomb foggers work great for killing spores that appear in your car, RV, and window sills. And besides eradicating the spores, they also aid in killing the bacteria and viruses that may come with mold.

Different Types of Mold

Mold bomb foggers are known to be effective against a few different types of household mold.

Aspergillus

One of the most common types of mold, Aspergillus usually doesn’t pose a significant danger. But it doesn’t mean that you should leave Aspergillus untreated.

Cladosporium

Cladosporium thrives in both warm and cool areas. You can often find this type of mold on old fabrics, carpets, and wooden cabinets and floorboards. Unlike Aspergillus, Cladosporium may cause some respiratory problems and infections so it should be dealt with immediately.

Stachybotrys Chartarum

Commonly known as black mold, Stachybotrys chartarum is one of the most toxic species of mold. It can cause a few respiratory infections, depression, and fatigue. This mold is hard to miss. If you don’t spot it right away, you will surely pick up its distinct musty smell.

Depending on the severity of the infestation, common mold bomb foggers might not be enough. This is why you should call in the pros, especially if you suspect the presence black mold in your ventilation and air conditioning ducts.

Penicillium

This type of mold is characterized by its blue-green color and it usually occurs as a result of water damage. Penicillium is notorious for its ability to spread rapidly throughout the house. It can infest carpets, insulation, and furniture. It’d be a good idea to set off a bomb fogger as soon as you see the first signs of Penicillium.

Fusarium

Typically, Fusarium can be found on carpets and similar materials. This mold prefers cold and wet areas where it can quickly multiply. Fusarium is also linked to allergic reactions and respiratory problems.

If you are not sure about the type of mold in your home, you can remove a sample or a portion of the contaminated material and have it tested. Once you know the exact type of mold, it’s easier to choose the appropriate mold bomb fogger and take the necessary steps to eradicate the spores.

How to Use a Mold Bomb Fogger

Using a mold bomb fogger is not as easy as it might seem. It requires some preparations before and after fogging to ensure there are no spores left in your home.

The fogging itself usually takes about thirty minutes, depending on the product. And you should vacate the premises for at least a couple of hours, but this may also vary from one manufacturer to another.

As for the preparation, all the surfaces inside a room need to be cleaned. This involves thorough vacuuming and protecting the sensitive surfaces. You should also know the exact area of the room since bigger rooms might require multiple cans or applications

Once you have everything ready, place the fogger in the middle of the room and set it off according to the instructions. The fog will start coming out of the bomb in 10 to 60 seconds.

The last step is to scrape all the infected areas, sanitize them, and do another thorough cleanup. Remember, mold spores can be quite dangerous so you’ll want to wear protective gloves and a rebreather mask during the final cleanup.

Mold Prevention

When it comes to prevention, mold bomb foggers can be an effective tool if you know a particular area in the house is susceptible to mold. But there are other things that you can do to prevent spores from forming.

The first line of defense is proper ventilation. This means you need to properly air all the rooms in the house, especially the kitchen and the bathroom where dampness can’t be avoided. Dehumidifiers and air conditioners also help especially if you live in a humid climate.

Repairing all leaky pipes and gutters wouldn’t hurt either. In addition, consider using mold-resistant paint and other materials when redecorating to minimize the chances of mold.

The Bottom Line

Do mold bomb foggers work? Yes, and they actually work quite well, so you shouldn’t hesitate to use them at the first sign of mold. They can kill various types of mold to give you home an all-encompassing protection.

However, mold bomb foggers are just part of the solution. After the fogging, all the moldy places need to be treated further to prevent mold from reappearing.

References:

http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/pages/stachybotrys.aspx
https://www.healthline.com/health/cladosporium
https://www.blf.org.uk/support-for-you/aspergillus
https://iaqscience.lbl.gov/dampness-prevalence

A Timeline of Lady Gaga’s Fibromyalgia Journey

Written By: Holly Case

Published Date: January 18, 2019 Last Edited: January 18, 2019

John

Celebrity magazines always show candid photos of stars to show ways that they’re just like us. Those photos usually show celebrities at the farmer’s market or taking their kids to the park. But sometimes celebs deal with the same health challenges that we do too, even if they tend to talk about it less often. Lady Gaga is not only a pop superstar and actress, but she also openly revealed that she struggles with fibromyalgia. Here’s a bit of background on Lady Gaga and her journey with fibromyalgia.

Early Physical Traumas

Lady Gaga was already experiencing chronic pain for years before she was diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Born Stefani Germanotta, she was a hardworking pop star for more than a decade. She was known for her high-energy shows, which were filled with both singing and dancing.

But in her earlier years, Lady Gaga was a victim of many traumas, including emotional abuse and sexual assault. As a pop star and dancer, she ended up breaking a hip. Both physical and emotional traumas, such as the experiences of her youth, are often linked to the later development of fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia Takes Its Toll

The toll of her high-energy performances added up. Lady Gaga broke her hip in 2013. After that, her fibromyalgia symptoms began to affect her more. The fact that she got worse after breaking a hip follows a common pattern for people with fibromyalgia. Even if a person recovers from the initial injury, later problems can develop. She developed chronic pain and had to start canceling shows. Celebrities have more resources than the average patient, but also have more demands on their time.

After dealing with pain for years, Lady Gaga ended up having to cancel a leg of her 2017 tour. Some of her other symptoms in addition to chronic pain included the following:

Anxiety
Depression
Fatigue
Sleep problems

Other patients with fibromyalgia may also experience additional symptoms, such as:

Widespread pain
Cognitive difficulties (also known as the “fibro fog”)
Migraines or other types of chronic headaches
Irritable bowel syndrome
Interstitial cystitis/irritated bladder
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome, or severe jaw pain

She was also quoted in Vogue magazine as saying the following: “My diaphragm seizes up. Then I have a hard time breathing, and my whole body goes into a spasm. And I begin to cry,” she told the magazine. “That’s what it feels like for trauma victims every day, and it’s . . . miserable. I always say that trauma has a brain. And it works its way into everything that you do.”

What’s Next for Lady Gaga

Lady Gaga appears to be stepping back from her musical career at the present time. However, she continues to work using her talents in other areas. Most recently, she appeared in the movie remake “A Star is Born” and won rave reviews for her performance. Like most people with fibromyalgia and chronic pain, she struggles to balance work with getting enough rest to stay well. She suffers from relapses of worsening pain after doing too much, just like most fibro patients do.

Among the treatments that Lady Gaga uses to manage her fibro flares include the following:

Warm heat
Electric heated blankets
Epsom baths
Infrared sauna

Lessons for Other Fibromyalgia Patients

The visibility of Lady Gaga’s openness about her fibromyalgia brings more awareness to an often-misunderstood illness. The vast majority of fibro patients are women. Most people go through the struggle of searching for doctors who will take their illness seriously. Once you find a doctor who doesn’t dismiss your illness, it can still be even more difficult to find the right treatments. Effective treatments that reduce pain for fibromyalgia are limited.

Most patients find that fibromyalgia requires a patchwork of multiple therapies. Although it is not an illness that’s “only in your head,” it does often have a component of depression and past trauma. Seeing a psychotherapist can help address any coexisting mental health issues that may be a factor.

Other specialists who may be part of your care team include massage therapists, nutritionists, chiropractors, physical therapists, and your family doctor or rheumatologist.

As Lady Gaga’s case illustrates, fibromyalgia can affect anyone, rich or poor – even celebrities. It can strike you in the prime of your earning years and create more struggles to overcome. However, with persistence and self-care, you can still find a new definition of what healthy and functional looks like for you.

Health

How to Get Rid of Period Cramps

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 18, 2019 Last Edited: January 16, 2019

Arch

Dysmenorrhea, also known as menstrual cramps, is a condition that affects around 50% of women and girls. It’s believed to be caused by a group of fatty compounds called prostaglandins and can be anywhere from a minor nuisance to outright debilitating.

Usually, the cramps are harmless. However, sometimes they can be a sign of a deeper underlying problem, especially if they are severe and combined with other symptoms.

The cramps can be successfully dealt with in a number of ways if they appear on their own and if they’re not excessively painful. In cases when they’re accompanied by other conditions and problems, it is best to treat the cramps as part of a therapy for the underlying problem. Keep reading for more info on how to get rid of period cramps.

Why do Period Cramps Happen?

A certain level of discomfort around the thighs, lower back, and abdomen during menstruation is quite normal. The womb muscles contract in order to aid in shedding the lining. Some of the most common side effects experienced by many women include headaches, vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea.

Although no one knows the exact reason why some women experience painful menstruation, some conditions are known to contribute to it. For example, hormonal imbalances, inflammation, uterine fibroids, and endometriosis can heighten the levels of menstrual pain, as is the use of birth control pills.

Also, some groups might be more prone to painful periods than others. They include those under the age of 20 and those who’ve just started having periods, first-time mothers, those with heavy bleeding, and sensitivity or overproduction of prostaglandins.

OTC Pain Meds

Over-the-counter meds, most notably NSAIDs, are among the first solutions women resort to when faced with painful periods. They block the production of prostaglandins, which in turn reduces the pain and discomfort caused by period cramps.

As claimed in an overview of studies from, NSAIDs are far better at suppressing menstrual pain than analgesics like acetaminophen (Tylenol).

Get a Massage

If the cramps are not that severe and you’re not keen on taking medications, you might try a massage with essential oils. The therapy involves massaging the abdominal area and applying pressure at certain points.

The sessions don’t take long, usually around 20-30 minutes, but they provide immediate relief. A study published in 2010 also found that essential oil massage can have long-term beneficial effects on menstrual pain.

Reduce Stress Levels

While thinking happy and relaxing thoughts isn’t the easiest thing to do when you’re lying in the bed riddled with pain, reducing stress levels can tremendously improve the situation. A study published back in 2010 found that high levels of stress can greatly increase the likelihood of period cramps, as well as the severity of the symptoms.

The authors of the study recommend taking due care of yourself and regularly engaging in activities that you love and enjoy.

Keep Warm

For some women, heat can do the trick. There are those who have used bottles filled with warm water and heating pads around the abdomen and lower back to combat menstrual pan. For others, a hot shower or bath can bring relief.

A study published in 2005 by researchers from University College London found that the application of heat to the skin can block pain signals for a short period of time. A study published in 2012 and conducted on women aged between 18 and 30 concluded that a heating pad at 104 degrees Fahrenheit had the same effect as ibuprofen.

Have a Hot Cup of Tea

Staying on the same note, drinking a cup of hot tea may also be helpful in reducing the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Though the scientific evidence is scarce, the heat might help to ease the pain from within similar to the external effect of heating pads and hot water bottles. Some of the most commonly used teas for this purpose include chamomile, mint, ginger tea, green tea, and others.

Physical Activity

Moderate physical activity has been found to decrease the levels of pain experienced during the period. A research study published in 2008 goes so far as to claim that exercising may even be effective enough to eliminate the need for NSAIDs and acetaminophen.

The decrease in pain is due to the increased production of endorphins when your body is active. Endorphins relax your muscles and decrease the feeling of pain. They also help to get rid of stress.

If you’re not a fan of strenuous physical exercise, you might want to give yoga a try. A study published in 2011 found that certain positions, namely Fish, Cat, and Cobra, can reduce dysmenorrhea symptoms in young adult women.

Consume Magnesium

Magnesium is an important nutrient, as the body needs it for the regulation of muscle and nerve functions. A 2017 review published in the Magnesium Research journal claims that magnesium deficiency can be linked to a host of gynecological issues, including dysmenorrhea and PMS. The same review posits that stable and healthy levels of magnesium can help relax uterine muscles and relieve menstrual pain.

Magnesium-rich foods include spinach, almonds, tuna, salmon, avocado, and dark chocolate, among others. If you can’t get 320mg per day of magnesium through your regular diet, you can try taking supplements.

Stop Smoking

Needless to say, smoking is one of the worst habits one can adopt. While seriously detrimental to your health on a global scale, smoking can also cause problems with menstrual cramps, according to a report published in 2015 in Tobacco Control. The review demonstrates that the likelihood of menstrual cramps correlates with start smoking age.

Quitting tobacco will boost your overall health, including the easing of menstrual cramps. While it’s not easy by any stretch, the reward should be enough of an incentive.

The Birth-Control Pill

Drawing its conclusion from numerous studies, a research review published in the 2009 Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews claimed that contraceptive pills could potentially lessen the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. The review found that medium- and low-estrogen pills were equally effective at battling period pain.

If you decide to take this route, be informed that the common side effects of hormonal birth control pills include nausea, spotting, decreased libido, increased risk of blood clots, and breast tenderness.

Final Words

Apart from the above, there are countless other traditional and modern methods you can use. If you’re wondering how to get rid of period cramps, you can also try taking more fish oil, as it is good at fighting off the pain and inflammation.

Introducing a healthier and more balanced diet can have a wide range of positive effects on your health, including less severe menstrual pains. Also, having an orgasm can be beneficial if you’re suffering from menstrual cramps, as it boosts the production of oxytocin and endorphins.

Finally, if none of the methods work, make sure to visit your gynecologist.

References:

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4148-dysmenorrhea
https://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/hormones/prostaglandins
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/health-and-wellness/menstruation
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288
https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-minute-what-are-nsaids/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK58032/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093183/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875955/
https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6874-12-25
https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00007256-200838080-00004
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S108331881100060X
http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/mrh/e-docs/magnesium_in_the_gynecological_practice_a_literature_review_309489/article.phtml
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/
https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/25/2/195.short
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19821293
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-pill/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-the-pill
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25363189

Health

How to Get Rid of Garlic Breath

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 17, 2019 Last Edited: January 16, 2019

Arch

Garlic is known around the world for its range of health benefits. It can reduce blood pressure, lower cholesterol, and even help to fight cancer. On the culinary side, it gives a special aroma to meals when added into the mix.

However, garlic has one critical flaw – its smell. Despite the numerous health benefits, garlic is notorious for giving those who eat it a characteristic breath. All who have tried garlic can attest to it. Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is caused by three compounds found in garlic – allicin, allyl methyl sulfide, and cysteine sulfoxide.

The smell can linger for hours and sometimes till the next morning, too. That’s why so many people go to great lengths to avoid this super healthy vegetable as much as possible. But do you really have to refrain from eating garlic? Keep reading to find out how to get rid of garlic breath in a healthy and safe way.

Have Some Water

The first and most common remedy for garlic breath is a glass of water. Water helps to wash off the remaining bits of garlic from your gums, teeth, and tongue. It can also boost the production of saliva, which can remove some of the odor-producing bacteria from your mouth.

While it won’t kill the smell, water can make it less prominent and more bearable. It is advised to use other odor-removing methods in combination with water.

Chew Gum

If you’re in a hurry to make it to a job interview or a date after downing a garlic-rich meal, a minty chewing gum might prove to be one of the best quick solutions. That said, chewing gum can’t remove the odor, it can only mask it for a limited period of time.

Similar to water, chewing gum stimulates the production of saliva which can further help in odor removal. If you opt for a gum, make sure it’s sugar-free, as sugar can contribute to tooth decay and other dental problems.

Brush Teeth and Floss

In case you are eating food that contains garlic at home, you should brush your teeth before heading out. When brushing, be sure not to leave the tongue out as some of the odor might reside there.

If you’re a garlic fan and travel a lot, you should always have a travel toothbrush with you. That way, you’ll be able to go to the nearest bathroom and brush your teeth and tongue when you need to.

In addition to the toothbrush, you should also use dental floss. Flossing can further improve the situation by removing those hard-to-reach particles which evade brushing. Not just the garlic breath, regular flossing can keep other dental problems at bay, as well.

Give Tongue Scraper a Try

A tongue scraper can come in very handy when you need to get rid of garlic breath, as it is more efficient at removing bacteria and residual food particles from the tongue than a toothbrush.

It is also recommended to scrape the tongue daily, regardless of your garlic eating habits. That way you’ll be certain you’ve removed the microbes, dead skin cells, and bits of food that might have piled up on the tongue.

Rinse with Mouthwash

If you’re wondering how to get rid of garlic breath when away from home, the good old mouthwash can help. While not able to remove the odor-inducing compounds, a strong peppermint mouthwash can mask the smell until it naturally disappears.

This method is recommended in situations where you can’t use your toothbrush, floss, or tongue scraper. Always carry a travel-sized bottle of a strong mouthwash if you have a custom of eating garlicky food when traveling.

Use Essential Oils

You can also use essential oils to combat garlic breath. If you don’t want to purchase pre-made mixes, you can make your own at home. To do that, mix one teaspoon of carrier oil (such as olive, sweet almond, coconut) and a drop of an essential oil of your choice. Use the mixture the same way you’d use the standard mouthwash. Some of the most popular and effective essential oils include myrrh, eucalyptol, rosemary, and peppermint.

Drink Milk

A study published in 2014 in the Journal of Science claims that milk is one of your strongest allies in fighting off garlic breath. It significantly reduces the concentrations of the sulfur-based compounds that give garlic its characteristic smell. Its water content rinses the mouth, while the fat takes care of sulfur. For best results, drink whole milk instead of the fat-free variety.

Have Some Green Tea

If you’re lactose intolerant or just don’t like milk, you can drink a cup of green tea to achieve a similar effect. A study published in 2014 in the Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology claims that green tea catechin mouthwash is as effective as antiseptic mouthwash at preventing the formation of plaque.

A joint study published in 2008 by experts from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver and Nippon Dental University posits that the combined use of toothpaste and green tea is better at fighting halitosis than mints, chewing gum, and parsley oil.

Try Apple Cider Vinegar

Apple cider vinegar is a popular home remedy for a wide range of medical problems, one of which is halitosis. The vinegar is rich in pectin, a substance that promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria in your mouth.

There are three ways to use it. You can dilute one to two tablespoons of vinegar in a glass of water and drink it before eating garlic. You can also drink the mixture after a meal to get rid of bad breath. Finally, you can use the vinegar as a mouthwash. Make sure to consult your doctor before using the vinegar to relieve halitosis, as it is not a scientifically proven method.

Suck on a Lemon

Eating lemon flesh or drinking fresh lemon juice can reduce the intensity and duration of garlic breath, especially from eating crushed garlic. The citric acid in lemon is particularly effective at neutralizing alliinase, one of the three main odor-producing compounds in garlic.

Eat Parsley

The chlorophyll and polyphenols in parsley are very effective at neutralizing the sulfur compounds found in garlic. Therefore, make sure to add some parsley to garlic-rich meals. Dill, cilantro, basil, mint, and thyme can be used instead of parsley.

Conclusion

Garlic continues to release sulfur compounds in the stomach after eating. From the stomach, the odor-producing compounds can easily reach the lungs and the skin, strengthening the characteristic smell and making it last longer.

In order to deal with garlic-induced halitosis, you should practice good oral hygiene and use a combination of odor-reducing methods and techniques. Make sure not to use methods that might cause allergic reactions or inflammation.

References:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1750-3841.12394?_ga=2.164449919.1186275272.1547564032-1650610334.1547564032&
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4033883/
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnsv/54/1/54_1_89/_pdf
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/symptoms-causes/syc-20350922
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Allicin
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Allyl_methyl_sulfide
https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/garlic#alliin
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tooth-decay/

Health

How to Get Rid of Earwigs

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 17, 2019 Last Edited: January 17, 2019

Arch

Earwigs, also known as Forficula auricularia or pincher bugs, are among the most common bugs in North America. They prefer shady places, such as tall grass and shrubs. Indoors, they can be found in damp corners, little cracks in walls and floors, and other dark and moist places.

Earwigs are mostly harmless, but when present in great numbers, they can be considered a pest. They usually eat a mixed diet of decaying plants, small insects, slugs, snails, aphids, and larvae of other insects.

They are recognizable for the pincers found on the back end of the abdomen. Though looking menacing, these pincers don’t contain any poison or transmit diseases. Keep reading to find out how to get rid of earwigs.

Driving them Out

Earwig infestations, though bothersome and unpleasant, can be dealt with without the help of professionals. However, a severe infestation might warrant professional assistance.

The main thing to have in mind when dealing with earwigs is to destroy their habitats. Otherwise, your house and garden might be plagued by the infestation for a long time.

Also, you should make sure to seal all entrance points near the ground and below it, as well as to keep the house and the surrounding area dry. Here are some of the most effective ways of expelling and keeping earwigs out.

Dish Soap and Water

If you don’t know how to get rid of earwigs, you can start with tap water and whatever brand of dish soap you have in the kitchen. Fill a spray bottle with warm water and add a few drops of soap. Shake the bottle until the content turns soapy.

You should spray the mixture across the leaves of the plants in your garden or home to kill the insects. Make sure to cover the damp, dark corners around the house, as earwigs love these places. You should repeat this process any time you see earwigs on your property.

Rubbing Alcohol and Water

Instead of dish soap, you can use rubbing alcohol to make the insecticide spray. Add equal parts tap water and rubbing alcohol into a spray bottle.

To kill the earwigs with this solution, you should spray at them directly. The isopropyl alcohol will penetrate through their armor and kill them on the spot.

Lighted Traps in the Garden

Another technique is to create lighted traps in your garden to lure the insects away from the house. Here’s how to make them.

Get a bucket and fill it with a mixture of dish soap and water. The ratio should be 80% water and 20% soap. Stir the mixture until it’s nice and foamy. Take the bucket into the yard and place it as far away from the house as possible. Point a lamp towards the surface of the water to draw earwigs to the bucket, where a fate of drowning awaits.

Soy Sauce and Oil Traps

Instead of light, you can use smell to lure the earwigs into a trap. Take a plastic or metal container and fill it with equal parts soy sauce and oil. You can use either vegetable or olive oil for this trap.

Cover the container with a plastic lid. Pierce several holes of around a quarter of an inch in diameter in the lid and place the trap inside your house or in the garden. The smell will attract earwigs to the trap. If you decide to deploy the trap outside, bury the container into the ground up to the lid to make it easier for the insects to enter the trap.

Use Birds

By introducing the natural enemy of a species, you can ensure its extinction in a certain area. In order to crush the invading earwigs, you could lure birds into your yard by building bird feeders and let them deal with the insects in your stead.

The reasoning behind this is that birds find earwigs highly tasty. If the standard bird feeders prove insufficient, try planting fruit trees or berry bushes around your yard.

Use Vacuum Cleaner

You can also deploy your trusty vacuum cleaner to kill earwigs in large numbers. This strategy is particularly effective in places with high concentrations of earwigs.

Plug the vacuum cleaner into the nearest power outlet and suck as many bugs into the vacuum cleaner as you can. Make sure to not leave any eggs behind. Once you’ve cleaned up an area, you should empty the vacuum cleaner’s bag or dustbin content into a previously prepared bucket of soapy water.

Boric Acid Powder

Earwigs tend to frequent damp, dark, and remote places. If you have trouble reaching the small holes they use as hideouts, you can sprinkle them with boric acid powder. The powder is a natural insecticide but you should keep it away from kids and pets, even though it’s milder than commercial pesticides.

Sprinkle all the holes in floorboards, walls, ceilings, and windows, wherever you spot earwigs crawling in and out of. You can also use it to treat damp and dark corners, as well as wood piles in the garden.

Use Earwig Pesticide

When it comes to ridding your home and garden of earwigs, if the infestation is particularly severe or if you want to make a short work of the pest, chemical warfare might be your best choice.

There are many pesticides formulated especially for earwigs. Pick one and apply it around the garden and the lawn. Make sure not to apply it too close to the house. You should leave a pesticide-free zone of at least six to ten feet from the house.

First, apply the pesticide around the lawn and then spray water over it. That way, you’ll make sure the pesticide reaches the earwigs’ underground habitats and destroys both the eggs and the adult earwigs.

Conclusion

Earwigs can be helpful in dealing with some other pests. Also, they can overstay their welcome and start damaging your plants, fruit trees, and vegetables. That’s when they should be treated as pest and properly dealt with.

Once you drive them out, you can keep them out by repairing holes and cracks in the floorboards, windows, and corners. You should also fix all leaking pipes, drains, and faucets. Finally, you might want to replace the standard light bulbs outside the house with sodium bulbs, as earwigs are attracted to the blue wavelengths emitted by incandescent and LED light bulbs.

References:

https://www.britannica.com/animal/earwig
http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/boricgen.html

Health

How to Get Rid of Canker Sores

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 16, 2019 Last Edited: January 16, 2019

Arch

Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, occur inside your mouth. They manifest as white or grey ulcers that are fringed in red. Usually, canker sores appear on the inside of the lips, gums, tongue, or inside of the cheeks. The exact cause or causes of canker sores are still unknown.

Though usually painless, canker sore ulcers can cause pain and difficulty eating and talking. Sometimes, they can be accompanied by fever, a general feeling of weakness, or swollen lymph nodes.

An outbreak may have one or more ulcers which should go away on their own in a week or two without any lasting damage. Sometimes, canker sores are often confused for cold sores and the other way round. Cold sores are caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 and usually appear as painful blisters outside the mouth.

Keep reading to find out how to get rid of canker sores, when to visit a doctor, and how to minimize the chances of future outbreaks.

OTC Remedies

In case you’re not sure how to get rid of canker sores, an over-the-counter topical paste or gel should be your first line of defense. You should apply it directly to the sores to prevent irritation.

Topical remedies can be used on their own or in combination with bandages and patches. They are often used in conjunction with a range of home remedies.

Salt Rinse

Salt rinse is one of the most popular home remedies for canker sores. To make the rinse, you can use regular table salt or sea salt. Have in mind that this is going to hurt a little.

To prepare the rinse, add one teaspoon of salt to a cup of water. Swirl the rinse in your mouth for around half a minute and spit it out. It is recommended to do this several times a day until the sores are gone.

Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide has strong antibacterial properties and can help you get rid of the canker sores. Prepare it by mixing equal parts 3% hydrogen peroxide and water.

Dip a cotton swab or ball into the solution and apply it directly to the sores like you would a topical gel. Alternatively, you can use the mixture as a rinse. Gargle for a minute and then spit it out.

Chamomile Tea

Historically, chamomile tea has been used for treating a wide variety of ailments and health problems, especially in combination with natural honey. Many people use it to treat canker sores as well. But chamomile tea and honey shouldn’t replace medications.

For canker sores, you can drink the chamomile tea or use it to rinse your mouth as chamomile may have an anti-inflammatory effect. Similarly, honey is believed to have an antiseptic effect and can be applied to the sores directly or used in combination with the tea.

Sage Tea

Sage tea is another traditional home remedy for canker sore outbreaks, as well as mouth inflammations in general. The tea is used as a mouthwash for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and astringent properties. You can find it in almost any drugstore. However, if you decide to prepare the rinse on your own, follow these steps:

Pour boiling water over sage leaves. One or two tablespoons of leaves will suffice.
Steep for several minutes.
Strain it and let it cool down.
Swirl it around your mouth for a minute or two.
Spit out the rinse or swallow it.

Aloe Vera

Thanks to its strong anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, Aloe Vera can be used in the treatment of canker sores. You can apply Aloe Vera gel directly on the sore.

It should be noted that there is very little scientific evidence for this. However, the NCCIH (National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health) deems Aloe Vera safe to use.

Baking Soda

Baking soda is another popular home remedy for canker sores. It may help soothe the inflammation and restore normal Ph levels in your mouth to speed up the healing process. The preparation and use are identical to a standard salt rinse.

Coconut Oil

If Aloe Vera isn’t your thing, you can try coconut oil. Thanks to its proven antimicrobial properties, it may heal canker sores and the associated inflammation. It can reduce the pain and redness, as well as prevent the spread of canker sores.

Unlike salt and baking soda rinses, coconut oil actually tastes good. You should use it like a topical gel or paste, i.e. applying directly onto the sores. Repeat the process multiple times every day until the sores are completely gone.

Yogurt

No one actually knows the exact cause of canker sores. Some of the cases have been linked to inflammatory bowel disease and Helicobacter pylori bacteria. A study published in 2007 found that lactobacillus and similar probiotic cultures found in yogurt can help kill Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Also, they can help with some types of IBD (inflammatory bowel disease).

Consequently, if your problem with canker sores stems from the Helico bacteria or IBD, yogurt may have a beneficial effect. In such cases, it is recommended to eat a minimum of one cup of yogurt a day.

Vitamin B

While it is known that vitamin B12 deficiency can cause more frequent canker sore outbreaks, the exact role of vitamin B12 here is unknown. A study published in 2017 investigated the correlation between vitamin B12 intake and canker sore outbreaks. The researchers found that patients who took 1,000 micrograms of B12 a day had fewer and milder outbreaks than those in the placebo group.

Alternatively, you can go for vitamin B complex supplements. Make sure to talk to your doctor before starting the supplements to prevent unwanted side effects.

Conclusion

In case the canker sore outbreak is followed by a fever, rash, diarrhea, headaches, severe pain, or enlarged sores, you should contact your doctor. Likewise, you may want to talk to your doctor before applying some of the treatments described in this text.

In order to minimize the chances of repeated outbreaks, you should try refraining from eating overly spicy, salty, and acidic food. Also, avoid hot drinks, toast, and other foods with rough edges.

References:

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jmf.2012.0303
https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/137/3/819S/4664767
https://www.jabfm.org/content/22/1/9
https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/h-pylori.html
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/
https://nccih.nih.gov/health/aloevera
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/cold-sores.html

Health

How Long Does Being Drunk Last

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 16, 2019 Last Edited: January 16, 2019

Arch

While it can certainly be fun and entertaining, getting drunk also has its risks and pitfalls. Elevated mood and lowered inhibitions might be recipe for a good time, but drinking to excess can also cause serious problems, including physical injuries and medical and legal problems.

The problems are often exacerbated by a misjudgment of the level and duration of drunkenness.

To find out how long does being drunk last, you’ll have to grasp the various factors involved.

Before the First Round

First up, before diving into each individual factor and its role, you’ll have to know what being drunk means and how to deal with the different alcohol percentages of alcoholic drinks. Most US state laws define drunk as blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08% and higher.

With the legal definition out of the way, let’s look at the alcohol percentages in some of the most common drinks. Beer usually has around 5% of alcohol by volume, wine around 12-15%, while spirits like whiskey and bourbon 40%.

Converted to weight, that means you’ll ingest around 14-15 grams of alcohol per 12oz can of beer. It would be roughly the same as one glass of a 12% alcohol wine (5oz glass) or a standard shot of whiskey.

As a basis, you can assume that a standard drink in the United States has 14 grams of pure alcohol, each serving of which adds 0.02 to 0.03% to your BAC. Your liver, on the other hand, breaks down alcohol and lowers BAC by 0.01 to 0.02% per hour. This means that if you drink two or three beers, you may be legally drunk within the first hour in most parts of the United States.

The First Round: Body Weight

When it comes to weight, the heavier you are, the more alcohol you would need to get drunk. This is due to the fact that you would have more blood and so more alcohol is needed to raise your BAC.

Also, the extra pounds would help you lower your BAC and sober up faster than the friend who weighs less than you. Finally, you would need more drinks than your smaller-framed friend to experience the same level of buzz. If you and your friend weigh the same but you’re five inches taller, you would be at a disadvantage for being thinner.

The Second Round: Sex

Men and women metabolize alcohol in different ways and require different amounts of it to experience the same buzz and duration. In general, men need more alcohol to get drunk and sober up faster than women. Additionally, due to the higher body weight/water ratio, BAC goes up at a slower rate in men than in women.

In men, alcohol is mainly absorbed in the stomach where the absorption rates are lower. This means that men need more alcohol to get drunk. Also, men metabolize alcohol faster than women so they sober up sooner.

On the other hand, alcohol is mainly processed in the upper intestines of women, meaning more alcohol reaches the bloodstream. Also, women metabolize alcohol slower than men, so it’ll take more time to lower the BAC.

The Third Round: Medication

Your medication can play an important role in determining how drunk you’ll get and how long it will last. If you’re taking anticoagulants (blood thinners), you would require less alcohol to get drunk. Likewise, you would stay drunk for longer.

There are also medications that have a side effect of lowering the breakdown rate of alcohol in your liver. This means you would stay drunk for longer than usual. Generally, it is not advised to mix any type of medication with alcohol.

The Fourth Round: Water

When you’re trying to figure out how long does being drunk last, it is very important to know how hydrated you are. Having sufficient amounts of water in your body can effectively keep your BAC at a lower level, as well as reduce it faster.

Water dilutes alcohol, effectively reducing its concentration in your bloodstream. On the other hand, alcohol acts as a diuretic and causes your body to release water through sweat and urine at a faster rate. Therefore, it is very important to stay hydrated when you’re out drinking.

Dehydration can also cause you to experience more severe hangover symptoms, which may also last longer.

The Fifth Round: Food

The food eaten before, during, and right after drinking alcoholic drinks can affect how fast you’ll get drunk and how long it will last. It also affects alcohol concentration in your bloodstream.

Eating before drinking lowers alcohol’s rate of absorption in your body. This way, less alcohol reaches your bloodstream so your BAC doesn’t go up as high.

Additionally, the food that you eat between or right after drinks boosts the liver activity and its ability to process alcohol. This means you’ll sober up faster if you eat a hearty meal after drinking all night.

Conversely, if you go drinking on an empty stomach, your liver will raise the white flag sooner. Likewise, skipping breakfast the following morning will prolong the time your body needs to recover.

The Last Call

Finally, how long does being drunk last? Let’s assume you had ten standard drinks between midnight and 4am and your liver processes alcohol at the standard 0.02% per hour.

First, multiply the number of standard drinks by 0.02%. In this case, the result is 0.20%. After that, deduce 0.02 for every hour you spent drinking. In this case, it would be 4 x 0.02%, which is 0.08%. Subtract that from 0.20% and your real score at 4am would be 0.12%. By 6am, your BAC should reach 0.08%. By 10am, your BAC should be zero.

This is all an approximation, of course. In real life, you should also factor in your weight, medications, sex, food eaten, and level of hydration. If your liver processes alcohol at a slower rate, you’ll stay drunk for longer. Likewise, if you’re drinking on an empty stomach or poorly hydrated, it might take you longer to sober up.

References:

https://www.womenshealth.northwestern.edu/blog/sex-differences-alcohol-metabolism
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/anticoagulants/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484320/
https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm#standard

Health

How Long Does Strep Last?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 15, 2019 Last Edited: January 15, 2019

Arch

Throat infections are among the most common infections in both kids and adults. They are usually caused by one of a huge variety of pathogens and can range from completely harmless to potentially very dangerous.

Strep is a bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus bacteria. It is highly infectious and predominantly affects children. If left untreated, it can cause serious complications. Therefore, it is highly recommended to go to a doctor as soon as you detect the symptoms.

Luckily, if spotted early and properly treated, strep infection can’t cause any lasting or grave damage. Keep reading to find out the symptoms & causes, how long does strep last, what are the best treatment options, and more.

Symptoms and Causes

The telltale signs of a strep infection include fever, body aches, sensitive and swollen lymph nodes in the neck, swollen and red tonsils (sometimes with white pus patches and streaks), red spots on the hard or soft palate, problems swallowing, rash, painful throat, vomiting, and nausea. The last two are especially prevalent among kids. You may also experience such side effects as diarrhea, loss of appetite, and belly aches.

Strep infections are caused by a species of bacteria named Streptococcus pyogenes, otherwise known as GAS (group A Streptococcus), thus its name.

How Is Strep Transmitted?

Streptococcal infections are very contagious and can be acquired in several ways. Most commonly, they spread from person to person via airborne droplets when a person with strep throat coughs or sneezes. Also, they can be transmitted through drinks and food. If you come into contact with the droplets and then touch your eyes, nose, or mouth, you might catch strep.

It is not unusual to contract the infection from common items shared with an infected individual. Streptococcus bacteria can be found on faucets, doorknobs, and other household items.

How Long Is It Contagious?

How long does strep last and how long is it contagious are the most common questions related to the infection. While there’s no uniform answer, it commonly takes two to five days for the symptoms to develop and become visible. A person who contracted the infection will remain contagious until they’ve received the antibiotic therapy for a minimum of 24 hours. Sometimes, it might take longer to exit the contagious stage, depending on the severity of the infection and the body’s response to the therapy.

Who’s at Risk?

While anyone can get strep, school-age children run a heightened risk of contracting the infection. That’s mainly due to weaker immune systems and prolonged periods of time in schools and daycare facilities.

On the other hand, parents and other adults who spend a lot of times with infected children are also at a higher risk of contracting the infection. Adults with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to the infection.

It is worth noting that strep is not a seasonal infection and can happen around the year. That said, late fall and early spring have the highest incidence rates.

Also, contracting the infection will not make one immune to subsequent infections. A doctor might recommend a tonsillectomy (tonsil removal) in the event of repeated infections. Have in mind that strep can be contracted even after the procedure.

What Can Go Wrong?

Like many other diseases and conditions, a strep infection can go awry if not properly treated or left untreated for some time. In most cases, it first spreads to the tonsils. After that, it may affect the sinuses, middle ear, skin, and in some cases, blood. While not dangerous in its initial stage, strep throat can cause serious problems if it spreads beyond the throat.

An uncontrolled strep infection can also cause a range of inflammatory reactions. Some of the most common include:

Rheumatic fever. This is a serious condition that usually attacks the nervous system, joints, skin, and heart. Uncontrolled strep infection is one of the common causes.
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. This condition is commonly known as kidney inflammation and is a disorder of the small blood vessels (glomeruli) in the kidneys.
Scarlet fever. A variant of streptococcal infection accompanied by major red-colored rashes.
Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis. This is an inflammation of the joints caused by streptococcus infection.

Aside from the known complications, strep infections have also been linked to pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder (PANDAS). The term PANDAS is used for children who develop OCD or tic disorder or whose symptoms of OCD or tic become worse after an episode of strep. At the moment, there is no official scientific proof of a link between the worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms and strep infection.

How Is Strep Diagnosed?

The most common method is the good old physical exam. The doctor will take a look at your throat, check the lymph nodes on your neck, and ask you about other symptoms commonly associated with strep. After the initial checkup, the doctor might perform a rapid antigen test (a throat swab) to determine the presence of streptococcus bacteria in the throat.

If the result of the rapid antigen test is negative but the doctor still thinks you might have strep, a throat culture might be in order. You will usually have to wait a day or two to get the results.

Strep Treatment

Since it’s a bacterial infection, strep is treated with antibiotics. The most common options include penicillin and amoxicillin, as they are fast-acting and effective. Also, they are affordable and among the safer options. If, however, the patient is allergic to penicillin, other antibiotics can be used.

Antibiotics are prescribed for a number of reasons. They can speed up the recovery process, relieve the physical pain caused by the infection, quickly reduce the chances of contagion, and help to prevent further complications.

Aside from antibiotics, patients might also be prescribed other medications to relieve the symptoms. Usually, pain relievers (ibuprofen or acetaminophen) and aspirin are prescribed to alleviate the fever and throat pain.

Along with therapy, it is recommended to rest as much as possible while the infection lasts. Also, an infected person should stay properly hydrated, eat food that’s easy to digest and swallow, drink warm tea, and stay away from tobacco smoke.

Prevention

There are steps that you can take to minimize the chances of contracting the infection if you live with someone who has strep. These include washing your hands with warm water and soap; avoiding physical contact with infected children and adults until they’re no longer contagious; refraining from sharing drinks, food, personal hygiene items, and utensils with the infected; cleaning tabletops, doorknobs, and faucets before using them.

If you have strep, you should cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing. Also, you should refrain from going to school or work until the symptoms have passed or you have been taking antibiotics for at least 24 hours.

Final Word

Though usually harmless and easily treated, strep can spread beyond the throat and wreak havoc if left unchecked. Sometimes, it can do serious and permanent damage to one’s body. The joints, heart, kidneys, and blood can be affected by a strep throat gone south.

With that in mind, it is highly recommended to react quickly and check in with your doctor as soon as you notice the first symptoms of strep. Aside from that, it is of the utmost importance to finish all the prescribed antibiotics.

References:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/streptococcus-pyogenes
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/tonsillectomy/about/pac-20395141
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatic-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20354588
https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/post-streptococcal.html
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/scarlet-fever/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3327910/
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/pandas/index.shtml
https://microbiologysociety.org/education-outreach/antibiotics-unearthed/antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance/what-are-antibiotics-and-how-do-they-work.html
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/penicillin-allergy/symptoms-causes/syc-20376222

Lipomas and Fibromyalgia: What you Need to Know

Written By: Holly Case

Published Date: January 15, 2019 Last Edited: January 14, 2019

John

Lipomas are lumps of fat on the surface of your skin. They’re more common in people with fibromyalgia. They certainly look alarming but they’re actually benign. What causes these strange-looking lumps and why are they more common in fibromyalgia patients? Here’s what you need to know about lipomas, including the different types of lipomas and how they’re treated.

What are Lipomas?

Lipomas are soft, fatty bumps under the surface of the skin. Most are small and painless. But they can also grow to be as large as two inches in diameter. These larger growths tend to be more painful. There are actually four different types of lipomas:

Superficial subcutaneous, which may appear anywhere on the body
Angiolipomas, which are painful nodules
Chondroid, which are hard, yellow lumps often found on women’s legs
Intradermal spindle cell, which are most common in women but can be on any part of the body

Massage therapists may notice these bumps during a standard massage of fibromyalgia patients. The lipomas will feel like movable knots or bumps but will be unable to dissolve them.

Nobody knows what causes lipomas but they tend to run in families and most commonly appear between 40 and 60 years of age.

Although lipomas are generally painless, they can be more painful for fibro patients. In general, people with fibromyalgia tend to be more hypersensitive to pain than the average person. People who have multiple lipomas have a condition called lipomatosis.

Why are Lipomas More Common in Fibromyalgia Patients?

Lipomas are more common in patients with fibromyalgia, although anyone can develop them. It can sometimes be difficult to tell the difference between lipomas and knots of swollen tissue under the skin at pressure points. These can also be called myofascial trigger points and are often associated with myofascial pain syndrome. Many people with fibromyalgia also have myofascial pain syndrome, so these growths can be an overlapping symptom.

Although lipomas are usually soft and rubbery in texture, they can gradually harden. They may grow over time, but when they do, it’s usually a very slow process.

How to Treat Lipomas

Most lipomas are cosmetic and non-cancerous, so removing them is not always strictly necessary. Treatment for painless lipomas is not necessary at all. But many people with fibromyalgia have more discomfort and pain associated with their lipomas. Most can be managed with over-the-counter medications such as Advil or Tylenol. If those medications do not help, talk to your doctor about stronger pain relievers.

Hydrocortisone shots may also provide relief from painful lipomas by reducing swelling. However, many fibromyalgia patients are sensitive to hydrocortisone shots, so this option may not be as commonly recommended.

Some people may opt for surgical removal of lipomas that are particularly painful. Lipomas that are located in a part of the body exposed to a lot of friction, such as under a bra strap, can also be more painful. The removal surgery is a relatively simple process. It’s generally an outpatient procedure where the doctor uses a local anesthetic to numb the affected area while allowing you to stay awake. The doctor then removes the lipoma with a small cut. The lump is not likely to come back after removal.

Liposuction is also an effective way to remove lipomas but tends to be more painful.

There is no guarantee that surgically removing lipomas will get rid of the pain. The recovery from the surgery itself is also likely to be painful, possibly triggering a flare-up of fibromyalgia symptoms. However, it is possible that the surgery will ultimately eliminate pain from the lump, particularly if it was in a sensitive area. It will also have cosmetic benefits since these lumps can be unsightly and embarrassing.

Future Precautions

Even though lipomas are generally benign, you should not ignore all lumps and bumps. People with fibromyalgia can still get cancer just like anyone else can. Get checked out by a doctor for any new lumps or bumps, especially if they look unusual or cause pain.

Lipomas are not associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. Many fibro patients are afraid of complaining too much, but you still owe to to yourself to get regular skin examinations.

Health

How Long Does Hip Replacement Surgery Last and What Can You Expect?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 15, 2019 Last Edited: January 14, 2019

Arch

If your hip joint is so damaged or worn out that it’s rendering you unable to move your body the way you used to, you may need to undergo hip replacement surgery. First performed in 1969, it is considered a fairly routine procedure nowadays. According to data from 2010, about 2.5 million Americans are living with total hip replacements, most of them fully mobile despite their health problems.

Of course, as with any other surgical procedure, many people undergoing hip replacement surgery are worried about its safety and possible complications. How long does hip replacement surgery last and how soon before you have fully recovered from it? More importantly, what results can you expect?

Read on to find the answers to these and other common questions about hip replacement surgery.

Who Needs Hip Replacement Surgery?

As explained above, hip replacement surgery is usually recommended to people experiencing limited mobility due to worn out or otherwise damaged hip joints. Hip joint problems commonly occur in patients suffering from osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or septic arthritis. People suffering from bone dysplasias (also known as dwarfism) often undergo hip replacement surgeries, but due to the characteristics of their condition, this procedure is much more complex than for arthritis patients.

Although it is very common, hip replacement surgery is typically recommended only if other treatment methods fail to relieve the patient’s pain or improve their mobility. If you’re experiencing the symptoms of hip joint damage, your doctor will usually try out physiotherapy and/or steroid injections before recommending surgeries. In addition, they will also consider the severity of your symptoms and look at your medical history to determine if your body is well enough to handle the surgery and the recovery.

How Long Does Hip Replacement Surgery Last?

Hip replacement surgery usually lasts a few hours, though you’ll have to spend a few more days at the hospital. As a rule, you should arrive at the hospital early on the day of the surgery where the doctors and nurses will prepare you for the procedure. Following surgery, you’ll be in the recovery room until you wake up from the anesthesia, after which you’ll be moved to your room for the next few days.

Your surgeon may opt for traditional hip replacement surgery or the alternative, minimally-invasive method. Many patients prefer the latter as it involves a smaller incision and may not require a multi-day hospital stay. However, it is only recommended for thinner, healthier patients who have never had hip replacement surgery before. Minimally-invasive hip replacement surgery is not recommended for people with diabetes, kidney disease, or any other condition that can slow down the wound healing process.

How Long Is the Recovery Process Following Hip Replacement Surgery?

Immediately after your hip replacement surgery, you will have to stay at the hospital for anywhere between two to six days. During that time, you will go to the bathroom with the help of a drainage tube installed in your bladder. Simultaneously, you will start physical therapy, which should enable you to walk with crutches, a cane, or a walker within a few days, usually by the time you leave the hospital.

Of course, your physical therapy doesn’t end there. Your body will need time to heal, restore its mobility, and get used to your new hip. To ensure that everything goes smoothly and without any complications, you will continue visiting your doctor and going to physical therapy for at least a few more weeks.

The recovery process following hip replacement surgery occurs in two stages.

First, there is the short-term recovery. During this period, you will gradually regain the ability to move your body – first with the help of walking aids and then without them. Simultaneously, you will slowly get off the painkillers prescribed by your doctor to help you sleep following surgery. The short-term recovery is usually considered complete once you’re able to walk a block or two around your house without resting, experiencing pain, or using walking aids. This normally happens 4-6 weeks after surgery.

On the other hand, there is the long-term recovery, which is considered complete once all your wounds have healed and you are able to return to your normal daily activities. The length of the long-term recovery varies from patient to patient. For some, the process is concurrent with short-term recovery and lasts for a few weeks, while some patients may need up to six months to fully recover.

What Are the Risks of Hip Replacement Surgery?

Although hip replacement surgery is generally considered safe, it is not without its risks. For one, blood clots may occur as a result of your very limited mobility during the first week or two of recovery. To prevent that, your doctor will prescribe blood-thinning medication like Warfarin or Heparin. As with other types of surgery, the incision wound may sometimes start bleeding and/or become infected.

Other possible complications of hip replacement surgery involve swollen nerves and numbness in the hip area, a dislocated hip joint due to improper posture during recovery, as well as breathing problems due to fat particles entering your lungs via the bloodstream. In addition, some patients may find that one of their legs is shorter than the other following surgery, though this can be prevented during the procedure.

How Long Will Your Hip Replacement Last?

A large study conducted over a period of 25 years and published in 2008 revealed that about 80% of hip replacements in patients under the age of 65 were working well 15 years after surgery. The results were even better in patients over 65, where 94% of hip replacements were going strong 15 years later.

The average longevity of a hip replacement varies from patient to patient. Many won’t experience any problems with their replacements for decades after surgery. However, about 2% of patients might need a revision hip replacement within five years of the first surgery. These repeat procedures are typically longer and more complicated than the first total replacement surgery and are considered riskier. What’s more, the recovery usually takes longer and complete pain relief may be impossible to achieve.

Final Thoughts

To ensure a fast and safe recovery following hip replacement surgery, there are certain things that you can do. For one, you should avoid climbing the stairs unless absolutely necessary. If your home has stairs or steps, set everything up so that you only have to use them once or twice a day.

While lying in your bed, you may want to put a pillow between your knees to ensure optimal body position. When you want to sit up straight, make sure to use a firm chair with a straight back to maintain proper posture. Declutter your room and remove all slippery objects (e.g. rugs) to prevent falls.

You should also consider investing in an elevated toilet seat to use while in recovery. They are usually rather inexpensive and will help ensure that you don’t bend too far at the hips while sitting down.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333733
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9561013
https://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/ss/slideshow-hip-surgery-recovery-timeline
https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/minimally-invasive-total-hip-replacement/
https://www.webmd.com/dvt/dvt-treatment-tips-for-taking-heparin-and-warfarin-safely
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030589815001649
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18829914
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12533568
https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/revision-total-hip-replacement/

Health

On Your Way to Clear and Healthy Skin: How to Get Rid of Eczema

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 14, 2019 Last Edited: January 14, 2019

Arch

Eczema is a medical condition that causes skin irritation and inflammation. Characterized by red, flaky, and itchy skin patches, it affects more than 30 million people in the United States alone. For most of them, dealing with eczema is a lifelong struggle that can sometimes lead to serious health complications.

Despite decades of research, doctors still don’t know what causes eczema, but they suspect that a combination of genetic factors, skin barrier defects, and specific triggers is the culprit. They are also yet to discover a way to permanently cure eczema. Instead, the goal of any eczema treatment – be it medication or a home remedy – is to reduce ongoing flare-ups and relieve the itching and discomfort that accompany them.

In this article, we’ll take a look at the most effective ways how to get rid of eczema.

How to Get Rid of Eczema with Medication

When they first develop a patchy skin rash that resembles eczema, most people consult with their dermatologist before starting treatment. This is very important as the symptoms can be caused by a variety of other conditions including skin allergies, autoimmune diseases (e.g. psoriasis), and sexually transmitted infections (e.g. herpes or scabies). To get rid of the symptoms, you need to address their underlying cause, which is why proper diagnosis is essential for a successful treatment.

1. Topical and Systemic Corticosteroids

Once your doctor has determined that what you’re experiencing is indeed an eczema flare-up, they will likely recommend treatment with topical corticosteroids. Often called just “steroids”, these creams help reduce the redness and inflammation, thus allowing your skin to start healing.

Excessive use of corticosteroids can cause a number of side effects, such as skin discoloration, thinning, or thickening. To avoid this, they are typically applied once a day and only to the affected areas of the skin. Furthermore, topical corticosteroids are only used for the duration of the flare-up.

If there’s no visible improvement after a week or two of treatment, your doctor may prescribe a systemic corticosteroid as an alternative. These medications work the same as topical corticosteroids, the only difference being that they’re taken orally or in the form of an injection. Like their topical counterparts, they can also cause serious side effects, which is why they’re only used for short periods of time.

2. Alternative Treatments

Not all types of eczema require treatment with corticosteroids. Depending on the intensity of your flare-up, your dermatologist may recommend a topical calcineurin inhibitor (TCI) drug instead. These are prescription drugs that achieve their inflammation-reducing effects by suppressing your immune system. Although they don’t usually cause any of the side effects commonly attributed to corticosteroids, prolonged application of TCIs may increase your risk of cancer, which is why they’re only used briefly.

Other eczema treatments include topical PDE4 inhibitors, oral immunosuppressants, and antihistamines. However, these are only prescribed for more severe eczema cases. If you develop an additional skin infection during an eczema flare-up, your doctor may also prescribe an antiviral, antifungal, or antibiotic drug. To improve the appearance of your skin, they may also recommend light therapy.

How to Get Rid of Eczema Naturally

If you’d rather use natural ingredients and methods to treat eczema flare-ups, there are several remedies that could help you. Before you opt for any of them, you may want to consult with your doctor or your pharmacist. You can combine these natural treatments with medication prescribed by your dermatologist, but it is important to ask them about any potential side effects beforehand.

The following five remedies might help you reduce skin irritation and itching associated with eczema.

1. Evening Primrose Oil

Evening primrose oil contains omega-6 fatty acids, which have strong anti-inflammatory properties. Used topically, this oil can help reduce skin irritation. You can also take it orally to fight inflammation in the body, which is commonly associated with eczema. Current research is fairly limited, but it suggests that evening primrose oil may be effective against atopic dermatitis, the most common type of eczema.

2. Sunflower Oil

Known for its potent antibacterial effect, sunflower oil locks in natural skin moisture and protects the outer layer of the skin from all types of bacteria. To relieve the inflammation and the accompanying itching, you can apply sunflower oil directly to the skin. There’s no need to dilute it in water first, though you may achieve better results if you apply it to damp skin, preferably right after you’ve taken a shower.

3. Calendula Cream

Calendula is a plant from the daisy family known for its many skin benefits. A staple of folk medicine for centuries, calendula helps improve blood flow to injured and/or inflamed skin, keeps the skin hydrated, and prevents infections. Several topical calendula creams are available over the counter at pharmacies.

4. Acupuncture and Acupressure

Acupuncture and acupressure can also help relieve the symptoms of eczema. They both help modify the flow of energy in order to reduce itching, pain, and discomfort – the former achieves this with the use of fine needles, while the latter does the same with the use of fingers. The research on the effects of acupuncture and acupressure is still in its early stages, but the results so far show great promise.

5. Relaxation

Not only is stress a known trigger for eczema but it can also have a negative effect on all aspects of your health. To relieve the symptoms of skin inflammation and irritation, it is important to find ways to cope with stress in your everyday life. Some of the most popular relaxation techniques include visualization, meditation, deep breathing, yoga, and tai chi. If you’ve been exposed to stress for a prolonged period of time, you may also need to talk to a psychologist or try cognitive behavioral therapy.

Final Thoughts

Whether you opt for a natural remedy or a medication recommended by your dermatologist, there are many effective ways to relieve the symptoms of eczema and reduce flare-ups regardless of their severity.

To prevent further flare-ups or at least reduce their intensity, you should avoid soaps and detergents that contain harsh chemicals which can irritate your skin. The same applies to scratchy materials like wool, as well as non-skin-friendly synthetic fabrics like nylon. If certain foods appear to trigger outbreaks for you, it is important to avoid them. Also, if excessive sweating is a problem for you, you should take steps to reduce it and prevent heat rashes and other types of skin irritation.

By taking good care of your skin, your mind, and your whole body, you will be able to keep your eczema under control.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17498413
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/news/20160729/eczemas-effects-more-than-skin-deep
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4034059/
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315749.php
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3520662/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1215558/
https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/treatment/topicals/
https://atopicdermatitis.net/medications-systemic-corticosteroids/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3715696/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28681318
https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/treatment/phototherapy/
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/1215/p1405.html
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2012.01865.x
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendula
https://nationaleczema.org/acupuncture-acupressure-and-eczema/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22207450
https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/treatment-16/eczema-stress
http://www.abct.org/Information/?fa=fs_STRESS

Health

How to Get Rid of Love Handles for Men: What Works and What Doesn’t

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 14, 2019 Last Edited: January 14, 2019

Arch

They may have a cute name, but you’d be hard-pressed to find a guy who actually likes having love handles. This extra fat at the side of a person’s waistline is an issue many men have to deal with, particularly as they get older. Simply put, as soon as you put on some extra weight, love handles tend to make an appearance.

This is problematic for two reasons. First up, it is not nice to look at – there’s no reason to beat around the bush with regard to this. Not everyone needs or wants to have six-pack abs, but you also won’t see anyone daydreaming about the love-handle physique.

Secondly, this is a sign of excess body weight, and the numerous health problems which can arise from obesity are well-documented and widely known. Therefore, if you are a guy who’s started to notice this issue, it is perfectly natural if your first instinct is to Google, “how to get rid of love handles for men?” We are here to shed some light on this question.

What Doesn’t Work

Love handles appear around the waist, so it might seem logical to try and counteract them with exercises that target that specific area. But if you think that sit-ups and abdominal crunches alone can remove love handles, you need to think again.

This is called targeted weight loss. Or, you might have also heard the expression spot reduction. Looking at it intuitively, it appears sound. You work your stomach, and the excess fat should disappear from there. Unfortunately, that is simply not how our bodies work.

Our organism will burn fat to use as fuel, but that fat will come from cells that can be anywhere in the body. So, (over)working a specific body part will not produce the results one would hope for. You’ll tighten the muscles but won’t get rid of the fat. In order to truly make a dent in those love handles, a different approach is required.

What Does Work

It’s easy to see why many would love for targeted weight loss to be a reality. It’s simply much easier to set aside half an hour each day and do abdominal exercises than it is to make a number of fundamental changes to your daily routine. Unfortunately, the latter is exactly what one needs to do to make their love handles a thing of the past.

When we say fundamental, we really do mean that. So, it’s not just about exercising. In fact, there are three areas to address.

Diet

In essence, the formula to any weight loss (love handles or otherwise) is very simple. If you use up more calories than you take in, you’ll burn your stored fat and lose weight. So naturally, the first step is in the kitchen.

The goal is to reduce your calorie intake. To help with this, there are online calorie calculators you can consult to help you plan out your meals. But, in order to get the best results, you cannot focus only on how much you eat. What you eat (and drink) is also very important.

An excellent first step is to cut down on sugars. To achieve this, you should limit your consumption of processed foods because a lot of sugar can be hidden in there. Also, stay away from sugary drinks. Sodas are the obvious target here, but also keep an eye on juices – it’s much better to eat fruit because you want the fiber.

Also, stay away from ingredients such as white bread and refined pasta – these are all sources of simple carbohydrates. Instead, go for complex carbs (whole grains, vegetables, etc.) and lean protein (chicken breast, lean beef, beans, and so on).

You can also try a Mediterranean diet rich in healthy fats – research proves this can help lower body weight. So, eat ingredients such as olive oil, fish, nuts, etc.

Exercise

We said that spot exercising couldn’t remove love handles, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t do crunches. It just means those exercises need to be a part of your workout routine instead of its entirety. What you need is a comprehensive regimen.

So, do cardio exercises (such as running or cycling) as they are great at burning calories. If you’re up for it, also give HIIT a try. It stands for “high-intensity interval training” and means you’ll switch between periods of high intensity and low intensity during your workout. Finally, doing some weight training is also excellent as you only want to lose fat – not lean tissue.

Now, this workout plan may seem too challenging, but it really does not need to be. Nobody said you needed to run a marathon or bench-press twice your bodyweight. As a matter of fact, exercising too hard is counterproductive.

It is not possible to give a broad recommendation as to how much you should work out – there are too many variables involved. It will depend on your age, fitness, and any medical issues you may have. Start out slowly and work your way up. Also, it’s a good idea to consult a doctor before you do any strenuous exercises.

Other Lifestyle Changes

Finally, we’ll mention two additional lifestyle changes you can make to help you deal with love handles. It may not seem immediately obvious how they can help with this, but science backs it up.

The first is to drink plenty of water. For one, studies like this one show increased water consumption is linked with weight loss. Secondly, this can make it easier to stay away from those sugary drinks we mentioned. Lastly, drinking lots of water before a meal may make you feel fuller, reducing how much you’ll eat.

The other lifestyle change is to get enough sleep. There are many studies linking poor sleeping habits with obesity (like this one). There is also research showing that a lack of sleep can increase your appetite or make you more likely to eat unhealthy food. When someone’s trying to lose those love handles, this is all a recipe for failure. Consequently, most adults should get at least seven hours of sleep each night – and maybe even a bit more.

Final Word

“How to get rid of love handles for men?” is a question many will face at some point in their lives. The answer is – not easily. Still, it can be done. It just requires a dedicated effort on numerous fronts. It’ll take work, but by sticking to the right diet, exercising, and making a few lifestyle changes, the results are sure to come.

References:

http://www.yalescientific.org/2011/04/targeted-fat-loss-myth-or-reality/
https://www.eatright.org/food/nutrition/nutrition-facts-and-food-labels/processed-foods-whats-ok-and-what-to-avoid
https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/abdominal-fat-and-what-to-do-about-it
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(16)30085-7/fulltext
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661958
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18517032
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1991337/
https://news.berkeley.edu/2013/08/06/poor-sleep-junk-food/
https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need

Using New Rx-NAPT Tool to Predict Risk of Noncompliance Among Fibro Patients

Written By: Holly Case

Published Date: January 11, 2019 Last Edited: January 11, 2019

John

Fibromyalgia is a challenging condition to treat. Few of the available treatments are perfect solutions and some may cause side effects of their own. Some treatments may become more effective over time if patients keep taking them and get through the adjustment phase. But unfortunately, many people give up on medications or fail to take them consistently. Being noncompliant with medication use makes them less likely to be effective. A new tool may help doctors predict the risk of noncompliance among fibro patients. Read more about the details of the tool and why it matters.

The Rx-NAPT Tool

Researchers at the University of Florida analyzed the data from 6,626 patient claims on Medicaid in South Carolina. The researchers looked at the percentage of patients who didn’t comply with doctors’ instructions. From this data, they created a tool called the Prescription Medication Non-Adherence Prediction Tool (or Rx-NAPT, for short.)

The Rx-NAPT allows prescribers to evaluate a patient’s risk of noncompliance based on their individual circumstances. The retroactive study was published in the journal Pain Practice. The factors associated with greater noncompliance were the following:

Gender
Age
Race
Fibromyalgia-related comorbidity score (presence of other illnesses in addition to fibro)
Medication type
Emergency room visit
HMO coverage

The average non-adherence risk score on the Rx-NAPT was between 54 and 91, with 70 being about the average. Scores in that range predict greater noncompliance.

Why Noncompliance is So High

The biggest factor in many instances of medication noncompliance relates to financial factors. Fibromyalgia can be an expensive disease to have, especially for patients with low incomes. Studies have shown that direct healthcare costs are up to three times higher for fibro patients. Indirect costs, such as pain and reduced productivity at work, are twice as high.

Many patients bear these costs themselves. But many of the costs are also passed on to insurers and to society when patients are underinsured. About 34 percent of fibro patients spend between $100 and $1,000 per month to seek treatment, according to 2007 data. Changes in health insurance have passed on more of the cost burden for treatment to the patients. Not surprisingly, chronically ill patients often have more difficulty making these payments.

In addition, these costs are above those of insurance premiums. Because the nature of fibromyalgia can impact work productivity, fibro patients may face more economic pressures. The extra costs for fibro treatment are a significant factor in noncompliance. Patients sometimes have to forego treatment because of cost reasons.

Limits of the Rx-NAPT

Compliance is defined as adhering to the medication schedule prescribed by your doctor. The Rx-NAPT predicts the likelihood of adherence. A surprising 72.5 percent of patients in the study were not adhering to their doctors’ prescriptions. It makes sense that doctors would want to discover the possible risk factors for nonadherence.

At the same time, the Rx-NAPT has its own limits. Perhaps the most confounding result is that a third of patients who are adherent to their medications are still at high risk for noncompliance. Even patients who are currently compliant with their doctors can be at risk of ending their compliance at any time.

Creative Solutions to Increase Compliance

Increasing patient medication compliance requires several different strategies. One of the greatest risk factors is economic, and it is unlikely that the cost structure of healthcare will change any time soon. But many other factors can be overcome with some creative solutions.

One of the biggest modifiable factors is how the medical community interacts with patients. Most health plans still reach customers by sending printed materials in the mail. But patients tend to overlook items sent through the traditional snail mail. Promotional fliers often get thrown in the trash unread.

Reaching out to patients in alternate ways may increase compliance. Different strategies include connecting with patients include:

Through e-mail
By text messages
Having personal phone calls to check in with patients
Borrowing strategies from other industries, including online gaming and retail

But following up with patients more personally can provide opportunities to address issues that lead to noncompliance. Trained representatives can help patients who feel like their medication is ineffective. They can provide solutions for common medication side effects. They can also help patients find additional community resources.

Health

Tips and Trick on How to Lose 10 Pounds

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 9, 2019 Last Edited: January 9, 2019

John

10 pounds doesn’t seem like much. But shedding off 10 pounds of excess weight is a completely different ballgame. Starving for a week or two might or might not get you there, and it can wreak havoc on your metabolism and overall wellbeing.

Some pills offer alluring promises of losing 10 pounds or more without breaking a sweat or making any lifestyle changes. However, the reality is far from it. In fact, some of those fat-burning pills may have severe side effect including potential liver failure.

Nevertheless, there are ways to do it without jeopardizing your health – read on to find out more.

How to Lose 10 Pounds and Stay Healthy

There are a number of things that you can do to get rid of those pounds that bother you. And if you fervently stick to a proper plan, the process might not have to take more than a week. Though the timeline depends on your metabolism, perseverance, and exercise routine.

Assuming that you are healthy, happy, and want to get your body beach-ready, the following tips should allow you to ditch 10 pounds or more.

It All Starts with a Balanced Diet

The advice you’ve probably heard is to go low on carbs and high on lean proteins. This approach to diet can help indeed, and there is scientific evidence to support the claim. Low carbohydrate intake removes some of the excess water from your body and can reduce bloating.

What’s more, some of the results are apparent almost immediately, causing greater motivation to persist. In addition to fewer carbs and more protein, whole foods are an absolute must for this dietary regime. The whole food diet can be quite filling and you won’t be eating too many calories due to the usual lean protein and low-carb vegetable combo.

Don’t forget that processed foods, sweets, and junk food are a big no-no since they may significantly affect your weight loss efforts.

How to Follow the Diet

Understanding the diet is easy but many people find it difficult to stick to it. On the other hand, you might even inadvertently break the new routine by having certain drinks and condiments. The tricks below should allow you to track your progress and follow through.

Count Your Calories

A review of different studies showed that people who counted calories on average lost more weight than those who didn’t.

No Snack and No Eating after Dinner
All-You-Can-Eat Chicken and Fish
Go Hard on Low-Carb Vegetables
Remember Calories Can be Liquid

In other words, tea, coffee, and water are allowed and protein shakes are not cheating. But you need to count the shake as a meal.

Note: If you are not sure how many calories you need to eat every day to lose weight, this simple calculator can help you. To ensure you don’t starve, the calculator also factors in your physical activity. But don’t input inaccurate info or you won’t get the best results.

Physical Activity

There are physical activities that can complement the diet and speed up the weight loss process. The exact type of exercise may depend on your age, health, and overall fitness level. Here are a couple of workouts that can give optimal results – you should give them a try and find the one that best fits your needs.

Weight lifting is a great resistance training that can result in weight loss like common aerobics. This type of training can also boost your muscle mass and overall strength. In addition, pumping iron helps remove excess water and carbs and keep your metabolic and hormonal levels at an optimum.

HIIT or high-intensity interval training is another popular exercise routine for quick results and it goes well with a balanced diet and other workouts. Some studies show that the beneficial effects of HIIT exercises might exceed regular gym routines, especially for weight loss. This type of physical activity also promotes the metabolic process of fat burning and production of hormones that can give your weight loss some extra boost.

However, it’s worth pointing out that HIIT exercises are best done after a gym workout or other training sessions. In total, HIIT doesn’t last more than a few minutes but it’s important to give your all.

On the other hand, physical activities shouldn’t be limited to the gym. You need to consider commuting on a bike or walking to work. Try not to sit down at the office all day and take up some common household chores to burn even more calories.

Other Things That Can Help You Lose 10 Pounds

When it comes to eating, you shouldn’t rush. If you eat slowly, your body produces certain hormones that make you feel full. In addition, try to take moderate bites and drink enough water. It also helps to make eating a high-protein breakfast a habit.

Foods like peanut butter, oats, eggs, and cottage cheese should become your breakfast staples. These foods will make you feel fuller and reduce hormones that promote hunger. But before you enjoy a high-protein breakfast, you should get enough sleep.

Sleeping for about 7 or 8 hours per night can markedly improve your weight loss efforts. Otherwise, small-scale research has shown that sleep deprivation can make men feel hungrier. Namely, it increases the production of ghrelin – the hormone responsible for appetite.

Stress is one of the enemies of your weight loss efforts. It may cause a hormonal imbalance that leads to weight gain, rather than loss. Therefore, it’s advisable to take up stress-relieving techniques such as meditation.

To Wrap Up

That’s the answer to how to lose 10 pounds.

Besides the above weight loss tips and tricks, some people may want to consider intermittent fasting. Fasting doesn’t equate to starving and there are various protocols you can follow. In addition, it can be combined with exercise and planned ahead of time to work with your workout routine.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718776/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19875483
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8055897
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18197184
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25675374
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/how-many-calories-per-day
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24636238
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19099589
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076034/

Health

How to Spot and Treat Yeast Infection on Skin

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 9, 2019 Last Edited: January 7, 2019

Arch

Various strains of fungi live on human skin without causing infections. In fact, the body needs most of the fungi to function normally. But if some of them start to thrive uncontrollably, they can cause irritating yeast infections.

The telltale signs of yeast infection on skin are itchy red rashes that usually appear on skin folds. The infection can also spread from one area to another. On the bright side, these skin conditions can be treated with antifungal ointments and improved personal hygiene.

Let’s take a closer look at the types of fungi that cause yeast infections. They may attack different parts of the body and the infections exhibit different symptoms.

Candida – The Usual Suspect

The CDC lists more than 150 different Candida species. Luckily, there are only a few that can cause an infection if multiplied too quickly. Like most yeast infections, candida can cause intensely itchy rashes on different parts of the skin.

It usually develops in the groin area, armpits, between fingers, or under breasts. At this point, you might wonder what causes candidiasis or candida infection. Well, this fungus loves warm and moist places that allow it to multiply abnormally. Therefore, suitable conditions include warm weather, poor hygiene, and tight clothing.

On the other hand, medications like antibiotics and corticosteroids may also cause candidiasis. Corticosteroids weaken the immune system and antibiotics can destroy other bacteria which keep candida in check.

A few simple lifestyle changes are usually enough to prevent and treat candida infection. First, make sure to keep your skin dry and maintain good hygiene. This involves regular changes of clothes and using a gentle soap, especially in the infected areas. Taking probiotics and limiting sugar intake wouldn’t hurt either.

If the infection spirals out of control, it is recommended to see a physician for a prescription-strength antifungal cream.

Trichophyton Rubrum – Jock Infection

Trichophyton rubrum is the usual fungus that causes jock itch but it may also infect the body and toes. Jock itch develops in the groin area and usually isn’t limited to one side. The affected patch of skin is redder on the outer edges and slightly raised.

If untreated, the infection may spread down the inner thigh. However, if the infection is on the scrotum or penis, Trichophyton rubrum is not the fungus to blame. In that case, Candida albicans is the likely culprit. The exact pathogen can be determined with a KOH test.

The best treatment for jock itch is antifungal ointments. Many of the ointments or creams are available by prescription only, but there are over-the-counter (OTC) ones as well. The common OTC antifungal creams include Lotrimin, Micatin, and Tinactin. You may have to ask the attending pharmacist for them instead of finding them on the open shelves.

There are a few things one can do to prevent jock itch. Wearing loose clothing is the first line of defense. After a shower, dry the groin area thoroughly before putting on clothes.

Tinea Versicolor – Infection of the Top Skin Layer

The species of yeast that cause tinea versicolor, also known as pityriasis versicolor, are Pityrosporum ovale and Pityrosporum orbitale. Normally, these yeasts live on the skin’s top layer and in hair follicles. They are generally benign, but like all other yeasts, they can go on a growth spurt and cause an infection.

The infection is often characterized by hyper or hypopigmentation. The affected areas are red and flat and can become quite large. It usually attacks the torso and the infection skin would appear somewhat scaly. Nevertheless, some people can develop tinea versicolor on the limbs instead. This yeast infection results in a very mild itch.

Besides humid weather and oily skin, there are a few other things that can cause tinea versicolor. Among them are poor nutrition, steroid therapy, and hormonal imbalance. Those who take oral contraceptives might also be more susceptible to this infection.

Tinea versicolor can be effectively treated with OTC antifungal creams and shampoos. However, the hyper or hypopigmentation may stay for a few weeks after the treatment.

Tinea Pedis – Athlete’s Foot

Athlete’s foot is a common yeast infection on skin. It’s estimated that about 70% of people would get it at least once in their lifetime. Dermatophytes are the fungi responsible for this condition. There are three types of athlete’s foot with somewhat different symptoms. They are as follows.

Chronic Interdigital

The most common is chronic interdigital which usually shows up as fissures and scales between the fourth and fifth toe. The fungi can get in contact with bacteria and cause the infection to spread to the entire foot. The affected feels an intense itch, especially after taking off shoes or socks.

Chronic Scaly

The culprit here is the previously-mentioned Trichophyton rubrum. And as the name suggests, it’s characterized by scaly skin that appears on the sole. The skin below the silvery scale is often tender. This yeast infection can also affect the hands.

Acute Vesicular

Trichophyton mentagrophytes is the fungus that causes acute vesicular athlete’s foot. This is the least common type which usually affects people who have a chronic infection of the toe web. Painful blisters would suddenly appear on the foot or the sole.

The treatment is quite similar to other yeast infection therapies. So OTC ointments and sprays for mild infections and oral antifungals for those suffering from chronic interdigital or chronic scaly type.

Mild infections may disappear after a few weeks of treatment but the oral therapy might take up to six months.

The Last Itch

This article outlines some of the most common types of yeast infection on skin. But there are countless fungi and there are all sorts of infection which can cause rashes, blisters, and itches. This is why it’s paramount to pay a visit to a physician to determine the exact type and nature of an infection.

Luckily, most yeast infections are not hard to treat and proper hygiene plays a major role in the treatment. So there is no need to worry even if you spot some odd-looking red patches on your skin.

References:

https://www.verywellhealth.com/athletes-foot-1068771
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8255067
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003761.htm
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322722.php
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/trichophyton-rubrum
https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/sources.html

Health

What are the Signs of Blood Clot in Leg?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 8, 2019 Last Edited: January 7, 2019

Arch

Blood clot or Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the leg is a condition that shouldn’t be taken lightly. By some estimates, about 900,000 people in the US are affected by DVT every year. More alarmingly, DVT is the probable cause of up to 100,000 deaths.

There are a few risk factors for DVT. The condition might appear on its own but it is often associated with other vascular diseases. Either way, one should have a better understanding in order to spot the first signs of blood clot in leg.

What’s more, early detection is the best way to prevent complications. The following gives you an overview of the condition. Let’s start with the obvious.

What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis?

The cause of deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot, or thrombus, that forms in a vein. It is much more common in deep veins, such as those found in the thigh or lower leg. While not as common, veins in the pelvis and in some rare cases, the arm, may also have blood clots.

Blood clots in the leg are dangerous because they obstruct normal blood flow in the affected veins. This means that blood can’t circulate properly from the heart to the lower extremities and back. The first signs are warmth in the leg, swelling, and pain.

In addition, DVT may cause thrombophlebitis or inflammation of the affected vein. Further complications occur if the thrombus embolizes and starts traveling through the bloodstream. It can then block other veins or arteries – most notably in the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism. This severely obstructs breathing and may even lead to death.

Signs of Blood Clot in Leg – What to Look for

DVT in the leg usually starts with swelling that’s accompanied by acute pain. Both the pain and the swelling may develop slowly depending on the size of the blood clot and the affected vein in the leg. The symptoms that follow are redness and warmth. In some cases, the skin may become discolored.

Those who suffer from the condition often feel cramps. DVT particularly affects the calf area but it’s not limited to it. In addition, the cramps can get worse during the night and the pain might become excruciating when the patient bends the foot.

Common Risk Factors

There are plenty of risk factors that can cause blood clots in the leg. Some people might be prone to the condition due to hereditary blood clotting disorders. DVT also comes as a result of other diseases or injury.

For example, blood clots in the leg may appear after a long bed rest since it limits normal blood circulation. In addition, those who had surgery can also be more susceptible to blood clots. And those over 60 years of age have a higher DVT risk.

On the other hand, there are a few habits and lifestyle choices that may contribute to the formation of blood clot. Smokers and overweight individuals are usually the most susceptible. Excess weight puts additional strain on the lower extremities and smoking obstructs normal blood circulation. Those who lead a sedentary lifestyle are at a greater risk as well since their leg muscles don’t contract often enough.

Diagnosing Blood Clots in the Leg

It is paramount to seek medical help as soon as the first symptoms appear. DVT can be diagnosed easily and early detection usually leads to successful treatment. Doctors utilize a few methods to detect blood clots.

Doppler ultrasound is the most common noninvasive procedure to measure blood flow in the lower extremities. It basically calculates and shows the speed of blood flow in the veins. In addition, this technique can also indicate aneurysms and blocked arteries and pinpoint valves that aren’t functioning properly in the lower extremities.

A slightly more invasive method is venography. It includes the use of special dye injections and taking fluoroscopy – x-ray images of the veins in your legs. Venography is quite effective at locating blood clots and deep vein thrombosis, especially if ultrasound could not produce clear results.

Medical professionals might also employ impedance plethysmography or CT scans to confirm the diagnosis of blood clots in the leg. Impedance plethysmography takes precise measurements of blood volume changes in veins and arteries. CT scan, on the other hand, creates sectional images of the affected area and can be used to pinpoint the location of the blood clot.

Deep Vein Thrombosis Treatment

DVT treatment is usually personalized to each patient and it can depend on the patient’s current health status and other medical conditions. In general, the doctor would prescribe a blood thinner. The drug can prevent the formation of more clots and reduce the risk of embolism.

Anticoagulation (blood-thinning) treatment often involves two stages. Patients receive injections to start thinning the blood immediately and this is often combined with oral medicine. On the other hand, mild DVT might not require any medication at all and some patients may need to wear compression stockings to prevent further complications.

How to Prevent DVT

Taking up regular exercise and being as active as possible are good ways to thwart DVT. The same advice applies to those who have undergone surgeries or have been bed-ridden due to injury. In such cases, the activities would be determined by a physician.

Making some lifestyle changes wouldn’t hurt either. Losing weight and quitting smoking might be easier said than done but it’s a sure way to significantly reduce blood clot risk.

The Final Leg

By now, you should have a much better understanding of the signs of blood clot in leg.

Albeit potentially life-threatening, there are proven treatments for deep vein thrombosis. Nevertheless, it’s always good to be one step ahead of the disease and make the necessary lifestyle changes even if you don’t have any symptoms.

References:

https://medis.company/cms/index.php?page=impedance-plethysmography
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ct-scan/about/pac-20393675
http://www.imagingpathways.health.wa.gov.au/index.php/consumer-info/imaging-procedures/venography
https://www.mayoclinic.org/doppler-ultrasound/expert-answers/faq-20058452
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thrombophlebitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354607
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dvt/data.html

Health

What Is a PET Scan and Why You Might Need One

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 7, 2019 Last Edited: January 7, 2019

Arch

What is a PET scan? If a doctor recommends a PET scan for you or your loved one, you may wonder what’s in store for you. So it may help you to understand exactly what it is.

You may already be familiar with PET scans from movies and TV shows. But the reality may be a little different.

So keep reading to find out exactly what a PET scan is, as well as what it’s used for. Also, find out what to expect from a PET scan and the possible risks.

What Is a PET Scan?

PET or positron emission tomography scan is an imaging test that doctors run to check for diseases. However, it doesn’t just give an image. It also shows how the organs are functioning.

You may think that PET scans just let doctors know if there is a disease present. But doctors also use the information from these scans for other purposes, such as planning treatments, monitoring a condition, and even verification of how the treatment is going.

These scans can also measure a variety of body functions such as:

blood flow
oxygen use
blood sugar use

MRI and CT scans are sometimes used in conjunction with PET scans to give the doctor a comprehensive picture of a person’s health.

What Is It Used For?

PET scans can show potential problems at a cellular level. So this helps doctors detect complex systemic diseases like:

heart problems
brain conditions
cancer

This is possible because a special dye that has radioactive tracers is used when scanning. The tracers are inhaled, swallowed, or injected into an arm vein to tint your organs. How the tracer is introduced depends on what area of the body your doctor wants a closer look at.

These tracers are then absorbed into the organs and tissue. Tracers collect in areas that have a high level of chemical activity. And certain tissues and diseases have higher levels of activity than others.

For example, there’s a high level of chemical activity in cancerous cells. So these cancer cells show up brightly on PET scans. Because of this, doctors can use this scan to:

track cancer progression
treatment effectiveness
cancer reoccurrence

Looking at scans to track a patient’s cancer progression, however, isn’t fool-proof. Sometimes non-cancerous cells look like cancer cells in the scans. Also, tumors sometimes don’t show up on PET scans at all.

Furthermore, these scans may also help diagnose and treat a variety of central nervous disorders like:

depression
epilepsy
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease
head trauma

Procedure

PET scans are generally outpatient procedures, so patients can go about their day after one is performed. And they are generally not painful. But having one does require a little prep work a few hours prior to the scan.

You’ll receive a tracer prior to the scan. This may take up to an hour because your body needs time to absorb the tracers. However, the actual time may differ depending on the area of the body the scan is performed on.

Hospital personnel may advise you to limit your movements and try to stay relaxed as the tracer is absorbed. If you’re getting a brain scan, you may want to avoid stimulating activities like reading, television, and music, too.

The scan itself can last between 30 to 45 minutes. The PET scan technician will also direct you to remain still when needed. You may also be asked to hold your breath for a few seconds. And it’s not uncommon to hear clicking and buzzing noises while the machine is scanning.

Possible Risks and Precautions

The idea of receiving radioactive tracers may not sound like a good idea to you. However, the actual exposure to harmful radiation is low. If you’re still concerned, you may want to speak with your doctor about the possible risks.

Because tracers contain radioactive material, it’s generally not a good idea for pregnant women to have PET scans. Women who are breastfeeding may also want to pump and discard any breast milk until the doctor says otherwise. This is to limit potential radioactive contamination passing to the baby.

Occasionally, an individual may have an allergic reaction to the tracer. It rarely happens, though. But if you are allergic to aspartame, iodine, or saccharin, you should let your doctor know right away.

People who are allergic to iodine may have an alternative tracer. Some conditions may come with increased risks of an allergic reaction:

asthma
allergies
dehydration
heart disease
kidney disease
blood cell disorders
certain drug regimens
prior allergic reactions to the scan

Other considerations are possible discomfort if you are claustrophobic because the scan is done in a tight, enclosed space. Additionally, if you are uncomfortable with needles, you may be leery about receiving tracers via injection.

After a PET Scan

Once a PET scan is complete, you can leave the facility unless your doctor says otherwise. Keep in mind, however, that the radioactive material can remain in your body for up to 12 hours. Because of that, patients may also be advised to stay away from infants, young children, and pregnant women for a few hours. Any radioactivity is minimal but it may still pose a small risk.

Furthermore, the tracers should leave your body within a couple of days. But drinking a lot of fluids can help to flush them from your system.

A trained specialist may go over the PET scan with your doctor, but it can take a couple of days for you to receive the results. Your doctor will go over those results with you at your follow-up appointment.

Final Thought

Being told that you need a PET scan may seem intimidating. But there’s no reason to get anxious. Around 2 million PET scans are performed in the U.S. each year. And it’s a relatively standard procedure at most medical centers.

If you still feel anxious or have other concerns, speak with your doctor. They may provide additional information that can alleviate any lingering fears.

References:

https://www.healthline.com/health/pet-scan
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154877.php

Health

Why Do I Sweat So Much and What to Do About It

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 7, 2019 Last Edited: January 7, 2019

Arch

Sweating is a natural process. And everyone does it. But what about people who sweat too much?

Sweating a lot can be uncomfortable, and maybe a little smelly. It may also lead to embarrassment in social situations. Still, some people do it more than others.

Find out the answer to the question, “why do I sweat so much,” as well as what you can do about it. A little body sweat is normal. But sweating excessively may be an indicator of a more serious condition.

The Biology

Generally, people sweat to regulate internal body temperature or in response to outside temperature. Emotional state may also influence your sweat glands and cause you to perspire. Other reasons that may make you sweat include:

gustatory sweating – eating certain foods
medications
illness

All of this runs on its own via the autonomic system. That means it happens without thought and control from you.

There are 3 million sweat glands on average in the body. And there are 2 types of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine.

First, the eccrine glands excrete sweat that’s typically light and odorless. These glands are located all over the body. The second type, however, is the culprits that produce odor.

Apocrine sweat glands are located in areas with hair follicles, such as the scalp, armpits, and groin. Perspiration from these glands is heavier and fat-laden. The sweat from these areas often has a distinctive odor because it mixes with bacteria on the skin when it breaks down.

What Is Excessive Sweating?

If you’re wondering “why do I sweat so much,” there’s a name for the condition. Sweating too much or hyperhidrosis is generally more active in certain areas like the armpits, hands, feet, and groin. However, officially there are two types of this condition: focal and generalized.

If you have focal hyperhidrosis, excessive sweating is concentrated in specific areas such as hands or feet. But generalized hyperhidrosis may give you excessive sweating throughout the entire body.

Most cases of excessive sweating may start during adolescence. But it can start from birth or develop later in life.

In addition, this condition may be associated with an underlying cause, in which case it’s called secondary hyperhidrosis. However, sometimes there are no apparent causes for excessive sweating. In those cases, it’s referred to as primary idiopathic hyperhidrosis.

Health conditions that may cause excessive sweating, or secondary hyperhidrosis, include:

Cancer
Obesity
HIV/AIDS
Heart attack
Tuberculosis
Diabetic hypoglycemia

People who have severe symptoms may have additional psychological effects like anxiety, depression, and embarrassment. Sometimes sweating is so severe that it impacts other areas of life such as:

career choices
free-time activities
interpersonal relationships

Additionally, it may also impact a person’s self-image and emotional well-being.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Everyone sweats at some point during the day. But you can call sweating “excessive” if it disrupts your day-to-day activities and if it happens at least once a week without a clear cause. And it probably has an effect on your social life or normal activities.

Further symptoms of excessive sweating are:

has gone on for at least 6 months
perspiration happens evenly in roughly the same amount and both sides of the body
started when you were under 25 years of age
it doesn’t happen when you’re sleeping

You may also be likely to have hyperhidrosis if you have a family history of the condition.

All of these symptoms may point to primary focal hyperhidrosis. However, you may need to schedule an appointment with your health care provider for an accurate diagnosis.

However, this condition may be a symptom of something more serious if you have the following to go with excessive sweating:

pressure in the chest or chest pain
weight loss
only happens when you’re sleeping

Your doctor may ask you questions and perform a variety of diagnostic tests to confirm the condition.

Treatments

If you do find that you’re sweating excessively, there are a few things you can do. A doctor may recommend a variety of treatments. Some medical options may include:

prescription-strength deodorant
blocking sweat glands with low-level electrical currents
prescription drugs for general sweating
Botox injections
surgery

However, there are also a few things you can do at home to improve the symptoms. If you don’t have an underlying cause for excessive sweating, you may want to try some of these home remedies:

Antiperspirants

Deodorants only block odor. But antiperspirants block sweating because they contain ingredients that block sweat glands.

Avoid Synthetic Fabrics

Certain fabrics that don’t breathe can trigger the sweat glands. So try to avoid synthetic ones like nylon and polyester. Instead, reach for breathable fabrics like cotton or wear loose clothing altogether.

Armpit Shields

If sweating is localized in the armpit region, you can try armpit shields. These pads are simply worn in the armpit to protect your clothing. It may not stop sweating, but you may avoid embarrassment if you tend to sweat a lot during social situations.

Watch Your Shoe Fabric

Like your clothing, certain shoe material may make sweating worse. So try to switch out your shoes for natural materials like leather to lessen foot sweat symptoms.

Natural Fiber Socks

Some socks may also help absorb moisture better than others. Look for socks that are relatively thick and made from natural fiber. Hiking and outdoor socks are generally made from these types of natural material.

Final Thought

Sweating is a natural body function. But for some people, this function goes haywire. Sweating a lot can cause embarrassment and anxiety in social situations. Unfortunately, for many, there may not be any cause for it.

There are a few home remedies that you can try to make yourself more comfortable and reduce the symptoms. However, if you experience excessive sweating that disrupts your daily activities, you may need to see your health care provider. They may provide an official diagnosis and additional medical remedies.

Lastly, if you do experience excessive sweating, you aren’t alone. According to the International Hyperhidrosis Society, as many as 4.8% of the US population experiences excessive sweating. While that knowledge may not keep you dry, it may put your mind at ease to know that there are plenty of people who know exactly what you’re going through.

References:

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/182130.php
https://www.healthline.com/health/hyperhidrosis
https://www.healthline.com/health/sweating
https://www.sweathelp.org/about-hyperhidrosis/epidemiology-of-primary-hyperhidrosis.html

Health

Why Am I Always Cold?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 4, 2019 Last Edited: January 4, 2019

Arch

Feeling chilly all the time can be quite a nuisance. More often than not, friends, family members, and coworkers with good circulation have a hard time understanding someone’s continuous plight of cold feet and fingers. Sometimes, their reactions can be quite cold and their appreciation for the problem as low as the thermostat.

“Why am I always cold” is one of the questions people with poor circulation most frequently ask. There are numerous answers to this puzzling question, ranging from lack of sleep and low body weight to nutritional deficiency and dehydration. Sometimes, eating disorders, certain medications, and even serious health issues might be the reason. Read on to find out more about what makes you feel cold all the time.

Hypothyroidism

Starting off on a serious note, problems with the thyroid gland can lead to problems with blood circulation and, consequently, cause you to feel cold all the time. Your thyroid is in charge of the production of the thyroid hormone which regulates your metabolism.

If the production is lower than usual or your body is unable to absorb sufficient amounts of the hormone, you can develop hypothyroidism. Besides constant chills, the symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, dry skin, constipation, irregular periods, and hair loss. Also, you might experience substantial weight gain due to the lower metabolism.

Medications

It is not unusual for some medications to cause poor circulation as a side effect. If you’ve only recently started feeling cold, it might be a good idea to check if it coincides with starting a new med. If you’re taking blood pressure medications, such as propranolol, you might get cold feet and hands as an unwanted aftereffect.

If that’s the case, make sure to tell your doctor about the symptoms the next time you go for a checkup. He or she will likely suggest an alternative.

Blood vessel problems

Problems with blood vessels can also cause your feet and hands to constantly feel cold. There are numerous conditions and diseases that can potentially compromise blood circulation. Raynaud’s disease and arteriosclerosis are some of the most prominent. Here’s a brief explanation of each.

Raynaud’s Disease

The most common symptoms of Reynaud’s disease include hands and feet turning white (or even blue) in cold temperatures. Behind the scenes, the arteries responsible for sending blood to your fingers and toes spasm when exposed to cold. Usually, Reynaud’s disease is mild enough to not affect the patient’s overall quality of life, though sometimes it may be a sign of a more serious underlying problem.

Arteriosclerosis

In a nutshell, arteriosclerosis is the hardening and thickening of arterial walls. It is a condition that restricts blood flow little by little. Genetic factors, unhealthy diet and lifestyle, smoking, and a myriad of other things can kick off arteriosclerosis, the primary cause of stroke and CAD (coronary artery disease).

The most common symptoms of arteriosclerosis, beside incessant chills, include confusion, impaired vision, numbness in legs and face, weakness, and difficulty understanding speech. If you recognize any of these, go see your doctor as soon as possible.

Anemia

Your body’s inability to produce enough red blood cells is termed anemia. As a result of this inability, whatever lowered percentage of red blood cells in your bloodstream can’t transport enough oxygen throughout your body, which will most likely cause the extremities like your feet and hands to feel cold. The other common symptoms associated with anemia include fatigue, short breath, and physical weakness. You might also feel unusually thirsty, confused, or as if you’re about to pass out.

The development of anemia is often ascribed to insufficient levels of some important nutrients – most notably iron and vitamin B12. If you suspect that you’re feeling cold due to anemia, be sure to see your doctor and get a blood test to confirm your suspicion.

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (commonly referred to as diabetic kidney disease or DN) is a chronic disease that affects individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus. It is a loss of kidney function caused by low levels of serum albumin, which is, in turn, caused by an excessive loss of protein in urine.

Aside from perpetually feeling cold, those suffering from diabetic nephropathy may also experience nocturia (frequent nocturnal urination), headaches, fatigue, vomiting, nausea, loss of appetite, swollen legs, itchy skin, frequent urination throughout the day, and more. DN is a serious condition that you should confront right away if you recognize the symptoms.

Lack of Sleep

While not nearly as serious as the previously described conditions, lack of sleep can also make you more susceptible to cold than usual. If you don’t rest properly, your body will not be able to heal and get rid of the accumulated stress. This can only mess with your internal thermostat.

Even short periods of sleep deprivation can increase your vulnerability to lower temperatures. Therefore, make sure to get sufficient shuteye to ward off those chills and goose bumps.

Poor Nutrition

The food that you eat is your body’s fuel, and if poorly (or inadequately) fueled, your body will naturally decrease the scope of its activity. Slowing down blood circulation toward the peripheral areas (read fingers and toes) is one of your body’s first warning signs and self-preservation mechanisms.

Therefore, it’s no surprise that many anorexia and bulimia patients report feeling constantly cold, among other symptoms. If you feel cold and hungry, take a bite and give your body the fuel it needs to work at full capacity.

Dehydration

Apart from needing proper nutrition and rest, your body also needs proper hydration. Similar to lack of sleep and food, your body will enter the self-preservation mode when faced with insufficient water supplies.

Water is very good at retaining heat, and when it is in low supply, it is easier for heat to leave your body. To prevent the precious heat from escaping, make sure to drink enough water. Apart from feeling warmer, proper hydration also has numerous other beneficial effects on your body and overall health.

Gender

Finally, the reason that you always feel a bit cold, even when people around you feel fine, might be down to gender differences. Experts from the University of Utah found that women, while having 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit higher core temperature than men, have around 3 degrees colder hands and feet.

A study published in 2015 in the journal Nature suggests that men are (on average) comfortable at 71.6 degrees Fahrenheit, while women need an additional 5 degrees for the same effect. If you can’t win the thermostat war at the office, consider adding a layer or two to your work attire or investing in a small space heater.

Conclusion

The question “Why am I always cold” can have many potential answers. While some are as benign as dehydration or a poor night’s sleep, others can be as serious as hypothyroidism, diabetic nephropathy, or a blood vessel disorder.

In case you constantly feel chilly, it is a good idea to check your eating, sleeping, and hydration habits first. If these check out, you might want to pay attention to any other problems and symptoms that you might be experiencing. If you notice anything strange, be sure to contact your doctor as soon as possible.

References:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/propranolol-oral-route/side-effects/drg-20071164?p=1

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/raynauds/

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arteriosclerosis-atherosclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350569

https://www.stroke.org.uk/what-is-stroke

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/coronary-heart-disease

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20351360

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2761852/

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14510-nocturia

https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/types/anorexia

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000341.htm

https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2741.epdf

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2805%2978875-9/fulltext

Are Tender Points Still Used to Diagnose Fibromyalgia?

Written By: Holly Case

Published Date: January 4, 2019 Last Edited: January 3, 2019

John

Fibromyalgia is a complicated illness. It’s not a disease that can be seen on x-rays or ultrasound and much of the symptoms are self-reported by patients. What doctors know about fibromyalgia continues to change and adapt with time. When doctors came up with the initial diagnostic criteria in 1990, the standards used to diagnose fibromyalgia were different. Back then, most doctors used the presence of tender points to diagnose fibromyalgia. But today, things are a little different. Learn more about the criteria doctors use to make a fibro diagnosis now.

What are Tender Points?

Once the diagnostic gold standard for identifying fibromyalgia, doctors checked for sensitivity when specific tender points on the body were touched. Under this original standard, you had to experience intense pain and tenderness when doctors pressed or touched at least 11 of 18 specific points. In addition, a positive fibromyalgia diagnosis required widespread pain throughout the entire body. Although other symptoms were often associated with fibromyalgia, the tender points and widespread pain were the only criteria required for getting a fibro diagnosis.

Why Did Doctors Change How They Diagnose Fibromyalgia?

Tender points were an unpopular method for diagnosing fibromyalgia. Doctors wanted something more scientific and less subjective than just the patient’s experience of tenderness or pain. Many doctors also felt uncomfortable with having to touch so much of the patient’s body to make the diagnosis.

An additional factor in why doctors sought a change for how to diagnose fibromyalgia was that the old diagnostic standard didn’t account for other health problems associated with fibro. Many patients with fibromyalgia often have other coexisting health problems, including fatigue, depression and anxiety, joint pain, digestive problems, hormonal imbalances, and headaches. An improved diagnostic standard allows these other conditions to be taken into consideration.

New Diagnostic Criteria

The American College of Rheumatology updated their diagnostic guidelines in 2010. Their new guidelines for use in diagnosing fibromyalgia include scores on two different scales: the widespread pain index (WPI) and symptom severity (SS) scale. The new criteria do not completely replace the original criteria and pain at tender or pressure points can still be useful information.

However, most doctors feel that there should be a more comprehensive evaluation. The symptom severity scale asks patients to rate their experience of the following symptoms:

Muscle pain
Fatigue and/or chronic tiredness
Irritable bowel syndrome
Headaches
Problems with thinking or memory
Dizziness
Insomnia
Nausea/vomiting
Mood changes, including depression and anxiety
Problems with urination, including frequent urination or bladder spasms

The severity score on these symptoms is combined with the extent of widespread physical pain to help a doctor make a fibromyalgia diagnosis. Many fibromyalgia patients also find that their symptoms began after a traumatic or highly stressful event, such as a car accident, job loss, or the death of a loved one.

Ruling Out Other Conditions

Although doctors can diagnose fibromyalgia from the criteria listed above, it’s also important to rule out other conditions. Many other conditions have similar symptoms to fibromyalgia. These conditions can be detected by simple blood tests. These health conditions with symptoms that mimic fibromyalgia are often more easily treated than fibro as well.

Some of the other health conditions doctors can test for and possibly rule out on the way to making an accurate fibro diagnosis include the following:

Low vitamin D levels, which may be a widespread problem
Autoimmune diseases, including Sjogren’s, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis
Neurological illnesses, such as multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis

Tests that can diagnose these conditions include a general vitamin D test, sedimentation rate (or sed rate) test, thyroid function test, and complete blood count. An MRI and lumbar puncture (or spinal tap) are also used to diagnose diseases like multiple sclerosis.

New Testing Options

For decades, it was believed that making a fibromyalgia diagnosis was a matter of trial and error. Doctors would rule out one condition after another. After this, they would conclude that symptoms equaled fibromyalgia. But now there may be a blood test that can help in diagnosis.

A company named EpicGenetics has developed the Fm/a blood test. This test looks for specific immune system abnormalities in the white blood cells.

Fibromyalgia diagnosis is still an imprecise process. But scientists are getting closer every day to finding a definite means of diagnosing the illness.

Health

7 Signs of Alcohol Poisoning You Should Know About

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 3, 2019 Last Edited: January 4, 2019

Arch

There is no reason to beat around the bush – a good portion of the population enjoys having a drink. And as long as it is in moderation, this isn’t much of an issue. After all, having a glass of wine with a meal or a beer while watching the game is yet to hurt anyone. Unfortunately, not all alcohol consumption is as harmless as this.

What Is Alcohol Poisoning?

In simplest terms, alcohol poisoning is a consequence of ingesting too much of the substance in a short period of time. Too short for your liver to properly metabolize it. Once a person’s had a drink or two, they may get a bit tipsy. A few drinks more, and they’ll be properly drunk. But if the drinking continues, alcohol poisoning becomes a real danger.

This can have very serious consequences on a person’s organism. In severe cases, even death can occur. While on this topic, a CDC report states that alcohol poisoning claims the lives of 2,200 people each year in the US. And while we may be quick to associate excessive drinking with teenagers, who are known for their partying ways, most people who die due to alcohol poisoning are actually between the ages of 35 and 64.

Because of this, it is obvious that alcohol poisoning is a very serious condition. As such, it requires immediate and professional medical help. And in order to know when to get such help for someone, it is imperative to be able to recognize the signs of alcohol poisoning.

What Are the Signs of Alcohol Poisoning?

A person who is suffering from alcohol poisoning, either from excessive drinking or ingesting the substance through other means (you can find alcohol in numerous household products for example), may exhibit the following symptoms. There are other possible signs, but these are the main ones.

1) Confusion and Other Altered Mental States

A person who is mildly intoxicated will slur their speech and have issues with physical coordination. They may also show signs of aggression or depression. But as the situation worsens and alcohol poisoning takes hold, a person’s mental capacities will become even more compromised. Severe confusion may occur, and the person’s ability to make decisions or judgment calls will be impaired to a great extent.

2) Vomiting

Once you ingest too much alcohol, your body’s natural response is to attempt to expel it through vomiting. This is also one of the biggest risks associated with this condition. Specifically, in addition to causing vomiting, alcohol can also suppress the gag reflex. Combined with unconsciousness, another symptom we’ll get to shortly, this can cause a person to choke on their vomit.

3) Seizures

Alcohol poisoning can sometimes also cause seizures – this is due to reduced levels of blood sugar.

4) Slow and Irregular Breathing

When alcohol floods a person’s organism, some of their bodily functions may slow down. This frequently manifests through improper breathing. The way to establish if this is the case is through simple measuring – if there is a gap of 10 or more seconds between someone’s breaths, their breathing is irregular (or depressed).

5) Pale or Bluish Skin

As alcohol slows down someone’s bodily functions, this will naturally lead to reduced levels of oxygen in the system. The heart and the lungs simply won’t work well enough to supply everything the body requires. The skin will clearly indicate that this is taking place.

In addition to turning pale, certain parts of the body may even take on a blue tinge. You are likely to notice this first with the extremities – particularly the fingers and toes. The lips and the tip of the nose are also common spots for this to occur.

6) Hypothermia

Hypothermia is the reduction of your body’s temperature below the normal level. Naturally, extreme cold is the most common cause of this, but it can also occur due to alcohol poisoning (among other things). This is because alcohol causes the blood vessels to dilate, allowing more heat to escape from the body.

To compound this, the body’s standard response to being cold, which is to shiver, can be hindered due to the overall effect alcohol poisoning has on the organism. And if the weather does indeed happen to be very cold, the person’s impaired judgment can mean they will not wear sufficiently warm clothes, making matters even worse.

This can lead to severe complications, including cardiac arrest.

7) Unconsciousness

Finally, a person with alcohol poisoning may lose consciousness. In cases like this, it is important to make a distinction between passing out and simply falling asleep. If the person who has been drinking shows a response to loud noises or shaking, then they were just asleep. But if you are unable to wake them, then they are unconscious and things have taken a severe turn for the worse.

If this happens, it is very important not to leave the unconscious person alone. As mentioned, they are at great risk of choking on their own vomit, which can easily have fatal consequences.

It is important to note that not all of these signs need to be present in order for someone to be suffering from alcohol poisoning. Even one or two are enough, and it is important to immediately get the doctors involved.

What Causes Alcohol Poisoning?

As mentioned, there are ways to get alcohol poisoning without alcoholic beverages. A person may unintentionally ingest a household product which contains some type of alcohol (such as ethanol or methanol). This is a particular risk with children. However, heavy drinking is the cause everyone’s most familiar with. In this regard, binge drinking is an issue of particular note.

While everyone knows what binge drinking is, the term actually also has an official definition. According to the CDC, it is consuming at least four drinks (if you are female) or five drinks (if you are male) during one occasion. For this purpose, a single drink is defined as 12 ounces of standard beer, five ounces of wine, etc.

A huge risk when binge drinking is the fact that alcohol will continue to be released into a person’s bloodstream even after they’ve stopped drinking. This means the level of alcohol in their body will continue to increase even after they, for example, pass out. This makes it even more difficult to ascertain when someone’s had enough. As a result, erring on the side of caution is always advised.

Final Words

Drinking can be a social activity, and there is nothing wrong with it if caution is employed. But overindulging can easily lead to alcohol poisoning, an incredibly serious medical issue.

A person with this problem requires immediate medical attention. Home remedies such as walking or sleeping it off or having a cold shower simply will not work. They can even make matters worse. This is an emergency and needs to be treated as such.

This is why knowing the signs of alcohol poisoning is all the more important. Recognizing them on time and contacting medical professionals can literally mean the difference between life and death.

References:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354386

https://sunrisehouse.com/stop-drinking-alcohol/poisoning/

https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/alcohol-poisoning-deaths/index.html

https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354392

Health

Why is My Period Late?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 2, 2019 Last Edited: January 4, 2019

Arch

The regular menstrual cycle lasts 28 days on average. That being said, anything from 21 to 35 days is considered normal for women who have yet to reach menopause.

If your last period was more than 35 days ago, it can be due to a wide range of reasons, one of which, as sometimes movies and TV shows like to bring to our attention, is pregnancy. It can also be due to stress, hormonal imbalances, or birth control pills, among many other reasons.

Chronic and/or serious health issues might play a role in late and missed periods. Also, obesity and extreme weight loss can cause somebody’s period to be late or missed, as well. If you’re wondering “why is my period late,” read on for a more detailed explanation of the major causes.

Pregnancy

Many people often ascribe missing period to pregnancy. Future moms do not menstruate for the duration of their pregnancy. However, some women do experience some spotting in the initial weeks.

When an egg gets fertilized, the period stops and doesn’t resume until after the child is born. Commonly, one can expect the period to return six to eight weeks after childbirth if not breastfeeding. Otherwise, the waiting period can vary from a couple of months to the end of the breastfeeding period. However, this is only one of many other potential causes.

Stress

Stress is known to cause many health conditions and issues, including irregular menstruation by affecting the hypothalamus (part of the brain that regulates the cycle). Apart from the direct impact on the hypothalamus, stress can also cause sudden weight gain or loss, which on its own can disrupt the menstrual cycle.

If you suspect that stress is causing a late or missed period, you can try a number of relaxation techniques. For example, you could start exercising, meditation, or yoga. Also, you could change your lifestyle and introduce healthier habits, such as a healthier diet, going to bed earlier, spending more time outdoors, etc.

Perimenopause

On average, menopause starts around the age of 52. Some women might experience its onset earlier or later. After going through 12 months without a period, a woman is considered to have gone through menopause.

That being said, the first symptoms usually start some 10 to 15 years earlier, which means that some women might start missing or experiencing irregular periods in their mid to late 30s. These symptoms are known as perimenopausal and are a signal that the estrogen levels are beginning to fluctuate.

Obesity

Being overweight can affect the regularity of the menstrual cycle as well, which has been known to occur in obese persons.

However, the combination of obesity and missing/irregular periods might also be the sign of a deeper, more serious problem, such as PCOS (more about it later in the article).

In the case of obesity and menstrual problems, the doctor might order blood tests and ultrasound for the patient. The blood tests will show if there are any hormonal imbalances, while the ultrasound is for checking the ovaries for PCOS.

Low Weight/Weight Loss

Similar to obesity, being underweight might cause problems with menstruation. Low body fat can potentially throw off your menstrual cycle, as it can lower the hormone levels below the menstruation and ovulation threshold.

Aside from being underweight, a rapid weight loss can also throw your hormones off balance, consequently causing irregular or missing periods. Women suffering from eating disorders, such as bulimia or anorexia nervosa, may miss periods.

Women who participate in extremely hard and taxing sports, such as marathon running, might also experience missed periods.

The Pill

The birth control pill is one of the leading causes of changes in the duration and regularity of periods. You can expect the changes to happen both when you start using it, as well as when you stop. Due to the inclusion of progestin and estrogen hormones, birth control pills prevent your body from releasing unfertilized eggs.

Once you stop taking the pill, regular periods might not return for up to three months. Also, keep in mind that injected and implanted contraceptives can also affect your period.

Thyroid Gland Problems

Problems with the thyroid glands can lead to irregular or missing periods. Both the lowered and heightened activity of the thyroid can cause period problems. However, after taking medication and bringing the activity of the thyroid gland back to normal, your period should also stabilize.

Chronic Disease

It is not uncommon for chronic diseases to cause missing or late periods. Some of the most prominent examples include diabetes and celiac disease. Diabetic women, especially if poorly controlled, might experience problems with the menstrual cycle due to fluctuations in sugar levels.

On the other hand, celiac disease causes inflamed small intestine which might become damaged and make it difficult for your body to acquire important nutrients. The resultant deficiencies can cause changes in period regularity.

Hormonal Problems

Hormonal problems can be caused by a host of health issues and conditions. Some of them might even be inherited. Whatever the cause, unbalanced hormones can affect a woman’s menstrual cycle.

Hormonal imbalances can easily be discovered through a blood test. After the discovery, the root cause must be found and treated. Only after the hormonal balance has been restored will your period return to normal.

Insulin resistance is another issue that can cause period problems. This is closely related to PCOS.

PCOS

PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) is a hormonal disorder most commonly tied to irregular and missed periods. In some cases, the syndrome might cause them to stop completely. PCOS causes a woman’s body to produce excessive amounts of androgen (a male hormone). The common result of which is the formation of cysts on one or both ovaries.

Women with PCOS might also experience excess body and facial hair, obesity, acne, and baldness (male pattern). Sometimes, the syndrome is treated with birth control pills to stimulate the production of estrogen. Untreated PCOS might cause endometrial cancer in newborn babies.

Conclusion

If you find yourself asking “why is my period late,” you should start keeping journal records of the start and end dates, as well as all symptoms and observances. This record can greatly help your doctor diagnose the problem.

If you haven’t been seeing your gynecologist regularly, now is a good time to start. However, if you have missed consecutive periods, lost or gained a lot of weight, been exposed to a lot of stress, had a positive pregnancy test, or noticed symptoms of PCOS, you should see your doctor as soon as possible.

References:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/menstrual-cycle/art-20047186

https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-menopause

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancy

http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-concerns/spotting-during-pregnancy/

https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/pregnancy/when-will-my-periods-start-again-after-pregnancy/

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stopped-or-missed-periods/

https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/the_menstrual_cycle/

https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/perimenopause-rocky-road-to-menopause

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5503866/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955559/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1580168

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4891159/

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/birth-control/in-depth/birth-control-pill/art-20045136

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/when-periods-after-stopping-pill/

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperthyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20373659

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4818825/

http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics

https://celiac.org/about-celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178699/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3046043/

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance

http://www.cemcor.ubc.ca/resources/topics/insulin-resistance

https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-menopause

https://www.girlshealth.gov/body/reproductive/pcos.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23624028

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000341.htm

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591

Health

Cellulitis Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 2, 2019 Last Edited: January 4, 2019

Arch

Cellulitis is a common bacterial infection. It is usually caused by streptococci or staphylococci bacteria. and to a lesser extent by other types of bacteria.

Cellulitis primarily attacks the surface layers of the skin, though it may also affect the deeper layers. Over time, it can spread to the bloodstream and lymph nodes. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, cellulitis affects around 14.5 million Americans each year.

Commonly, cellulitis appears on the lower legs and feet, though it can be found anywhere on the extremities, torso, and neck or face. It is a painful infection, characterized by swelling that’s soft and warm to the touch. Cellulitis has a tendency to spread quickly and aggressively.

Potentially, cellulitis can be a life-threatening disease. If you suspect you might have cellulitis, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider as soon as possible. Continue reading for more info on cellulitis symptoms, causes, and treatment.

Cellulitis Symptoms

Cellulitis primarily appears as a painful swelling. However, depending on the severity of the infection, you might also experience a wide range of other symptoms.

Primary Symptoms

The most common ones include fever, inflammation, and rashes (or sores) that spread quickly. The affected area might also be swollen, red, and glossy. It can also feel tender and painful to the touch. Also, it is not uncommon for the affected area to have an abscess with pus in the center.

Secondary Symptoms

Apart from the primary symptoms, cellulitis can also be accompanied by a slew of other secondary symptoms. The secondary symptoms affect the body as a whole. They include but are not limited to chills, lightheadedness, warm skin, shaking, overall illness and weakness, sweating, muscle pain, dizziness, and tiredness.

Advanced Symptoms

If the primary and secondary symptoms are left untreated and the infection spreads beyond skin tissue, you may experience a number of other symptoms. These may include lethargy, red streaks, drowsiness, and blistering. If you experience any of these, go to your healthcare provider right away.

Complications

If left unchecked, cellulitis can spread beyond the skin and cause some serious damage to your body. In its worst forms, it can be lethal. Most commonly, cellulitis spreads into the bloodstream and lymph system. Some of the most common complications include:

Septicemia. Septicemia is a bacterial blood infection that leads to sepsis. It is a serious condition that must be treated inpatient at a hospital. The infection can quickly spread to other tissue and major organs and cause them to fail. Severe sepsis can easily cause septic shock, which is often lethal.
Osteomyelitis. Another potential complication of cellulitis is osteomyelitis or bone infection. Bone infection can happen when the bacteria that caused cellulitis enters the bloodstream. Once it happens in one area, it can quickly spread throughout the body. The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of bone infection. Fever, irritability, redness, chills, general weakness, swelling, and stiffness of the affected limb are the most common symptoms.
Lymphadenitis. Inflammation of the lymph node is another potential complication of untreated cellulitis. The most common sign is swollen lymph nodes. The swelling may also be accompanied by fever, sore throat, runny nose, nocturnal sweats, swelling of the limbs, and blockade of the lymphatic system. Sometimes, the hardening and growth of the lymph nodes may occur, as well.
Gangrene. In a nutshell, gangrene is the death of tissue. There are three main forms of gangrene – dry, wet, and gas gangrene. Bacteria can cause wet and gas gangrene, the latter of which is the realm of bacteria that cause cellulitis. The affected tissue grows moist and breaks down which results in wet gangrene. Due to the moisture, wet gangrene can spread throughout the body faster than the dry gangrene.

Causes and Risk Factors

Cellulitis can be caused by a variety of bacteria. The most common culprits include staphylococcus, streptococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus.

These and many other bacteria live on human skin and don’t generally cause much harm. However, when they enter the body, such as via cracks or cuts in the skin, cellulitis may occur. Also, insect bites, cuts, and surgical incisions are potential sites of cellulitis. The bacteria can penetrate even tiny cracks and scratches.

Commonly, a healthy immune system is strong enough to fight the bacteria off and prevent infection. But if your immune system is compromised, you run a higher risk of developing cellulitis.

The following conditions and diseases can increase the risk: HIV/AIDS, liver disease, athlete’s foot, recent surgery, diabetes, kidney disease, atopic dermatitis, lymphedema, and poor circulation. According to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), corticosteroid use, ongoing chemotherapy, and immunosuppressants can heighten the risk of cellulitis. The AAD also states that children, athletes, prisoners, drug addicts, soldiers, and residents of long-term care facilities are among the risk groups.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Cellulitis is obvious enough to be diagnosed on sight. Swelling, warmth, tenderness, and redness of the affected area are usually enough for the diagnosis. The attending physician would use a blood test to confirm the diagnosis.

When confirmed, doctors would prescribe antibiotics. Depending on the severity of the infection (and the strength of the patient’s immune system), the antibiotics regimen can be for 10 to 21 days. Painkillers would be made available to those experiencing a great deal of pain.

It is recommended to rest as much as possible while the symptoms last. The patient would also be advised to raise the affected part of the body above the heart level to reduce swelling.

In case the cellulitis is accompanied by high blood pressure and temperature, the patient might have to stay over. Hospitalization may also be required for those who have a weak immune system or don’t respond well to the initial antibiotics therapy.

The Takeaway

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection that’s contracted through cracked or injured skin. It is a serious infection, though it can be cured relatively easily if diagnosed in its earliest stages.

Mostly, it is caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria. Common cellulitis symptoms include swelling, pain, itching, redness, and fever.

Due to possibly fatal complications, it is of the utmost importance to see a doctor as soon as you notice the symptoms of the infection.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7611/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8448/

https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/rashes/cellulitis

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001355.htm

https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/what-is-sepsis.html

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/septic-shock/

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteomyelitis/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441868/

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001301.htm

https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/dry-gangrene/

https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/wet-gangrene/

https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/liver-disease/

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/athletes-foot/

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/kidney-disease/

https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/

https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/rashes/cellulitis#causes

https://microbiologysociety.org/education-outreach/antibiotics-unearthed/antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance/what-are-antibiotics-and-how-do-they-work.html

Health

What Are Chiggers?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: January 1, 2019 Last Edited: January 4, 2019

Arch

Usually called red bugs, berry bugs or harvest mites, chiggers are among the most common bugs. They can be found virtually anywhere, except deserts and places with exceptionally harsh and cold climate.

Chiggers like warm and moist places, as well as thick shade. They are mostly known for their intensely itchy bites. Unlike the majority of parasitic bugs, chiggers don’t feed on blood and don’t latch on to their hosts. Read on to find out what are chiggers, how they feed, and what to do if you get chigger bites.

Chiggers 101

Contrary to popular belief, and their insect-like appearance, chiggers are not insects. They belong to the Trombiculidae family, so they are arachnids, just like spiders and scorpions. Of all the Trombiculidae, only the ones that bite animals and humans in their larvae stage are called chiggers.

Chiggers tend to live in grass and forests. They prefer lower altitudes and moist climate. You can commonly find them in berry bushes, woodlands, orchards, and meadows. It is not uncommon for chiggers to inhabit drier places, such as parks, golf courses, and house lawns. In periods of high humidity, they frequent tall grass areas. On the flipside, in periods of low humidity, they prefer dark, shady places.

Chiggers mostly appear in spring and early summer, though, in warmer and more humid areas, they can be present all year long. They are very small, measuring around 0.4mm in length for the adults. The most common species in North America is Trombicula alfreddugesi, which is mostly found in the American Midwest and Southeast, as well as in Mexico.

Chigger Life Cycle

The life cycle of chiggers consists of four phases – egg, larva, nymph, and adult. Chiggers are only parasitic in their larval stage and that’s when they bite. In the nymph and adult phases, chiggers usually feed on plants. Here’s a quick overview of each of the life phases chiggers go through.

Egg Phase

Adult female chiggers usually lay their eggs in the spring, most commonly in grass. A female can lay up to 15 eggs a day. The eggs are round and dormant for about six days. Next, the chigger eggs evolve into a non-feeding pre-larva stage which lasts an additional six days. After that, chiggers turn into larvae.

Larva Phase

The larva phase is the only parasitic period in a chigger’s life. In this phase, they have three pairs of legs and are red in color. Chigger larvae are not all that picky, meaning they will indiscriminately use animals and humans to harvest the proteins needed to progress to the nymph phase.

They prefer warm and moist places and, in the case of humans, places covered tightly in clothes. Expect to find them around the waist, behind the knees, and around the ankles. Chiggers don’t actually bite; they pierce the skin with their mouths and inject enzymes that digest the tissue. Then, they suck up that stuff and eat it. In their larva stage, chiggers may remain attached to their host for up to five days.

Nymph Phase

After the feeding, chigger larvae leave the host and turn into nymphs. The nymphs are considerably bigger than the larvae and have four instead of three pairs of legs. They do, however, retain the red color. In the nymph phase, they are still sexually immature.

The first sub-phase is called protonymph, which combines the characteristics of a larva and nymph. Deutonymph, the next sub-phase, is the only period when the chigger nymph is active. During this period, it develops the fourth pair of legs. Finally, in the tritonymph sub-phase, it returns to inactive mode, awaiting the transition into adulthood.

Adult Phase

In the adult phase, chiggers achieve sexual maturity and full size (around 0.4mm). During this phase (as well as the deutonymph sub-phase) chiggers lead a predatory lifestyle, feeding on various arthropods. Also, adult chiggers feed on plants and are harmless to humans. They tend to live in the ground and are often encountered when digging in the garden.

Main Characteristics of Chigger Bites

A single chigger bite looks a lot like a mosquito bite. That being said, it is similar to bed bug and flea bites, too. It is an itchy red bump on your skin of several millimeters in diameter. A chigger bite may grow over a period of several days.

However, chigger bites can be distinguished from other similar-looking bites by the intensity of the itch. They tend to itch a lot more than mosquito and flea bites. Also, chiggers usually attack in groups. So, expect to see clusters of bites grouped in clusters. The rashes caused by chigger bites are called trombiculosis.

The places chiggers like the most are skin folds and those warm areas covered in tight clothing. That being said, the most common places to find chigger bites include the crotch area, ankles, behind knees, armpits, and waist.

It is important to note that most of the times humans don’t feel it when chiggers land on the skin or when they bite. The itch usually comes 24 to 48 hours after the bite.

How to Treat the Bites?

Unlike mosquito bites which disappear in a matter of days, chigger bites can take anywhere between one and three weeks to heal. But like mosquito and bed bug bites, chigger bites tend to go away on their own.

If you think you’ve been bitten by chiggers, wash the affected area with warm water and soap immediately. Try to avoid hot water. After washing the bites, apply some antiseptic to the area. Don’t think that you have to remove the chiggers from the bites, as they don’t burrow under the skin.

Also, keep in mind that chiggers feed on skin cells, not blood. Chiggers don’t transmit any disease, either.

Avoid scratching the bites, as bleeding chigger bites can become infected. If you start to feel sick, nauseous, or any other symptoms of an infection, call your doctor.

How to Prevent Chigger Bites?

You can lower the chances of getting bitten by chigger larvae by staying away from tall grass and thick underbrush during the spring, summer, and autumn months. Also, keep your front lawn neatly mowed.

If you decide to go on a camping or fishing trip, make sure to wear long-sleeve shirts and long pants. Tuck the pants into your socks. Avoid open-toed footwear, as well as walking barefoot in tall grass. Additionally, you can apply bug repellents.

Conclusion

Chiggers are tiny arachnids that feed on skin cells. Their bites look very similar to mosquito bites except a lot itchier. Chiggers don’t carry or transmit infectious diseases and their bites don’t have any side effects besides the itch.

Chigger bites go away on their own, unless they become infected. That being said, they can take up to three weeks to fully heal. Warm water and soap are the best way to treat the bites.

References:

https://nfs.unl.edu/chiggers-and-trombiculosis

http://www.aavp.org/wiki/arthropods/arachnids/prostigmata/chiggers-trombiculid-mites/

Health

What Is the Ideal Blood Pressure?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 31, 2018 Last Edited: January 4, 2019

John

Blood Pressure is the force your heart exerts on blood vessels as it pumps blood through your veins and arteries. It is one of the vital signs, along with pulse, breathing rate, and body temperature.

Therefore, it is important to monitor and keep blood pressure in check. Anomalies in blood pressure can cause and be caused by a range of other health problems.

The term blood pressure most commonly refers to the pressure on the walls of major arteries. It is usually measured with a sphygmomanometer. Most of the times, it is measured in a non-invasive way, though it can be measured invasively if needed. Read on to find out what is the ideal blood pressure and how to maintain it.

Blood Pressure 101

There are two types of blood pressure, commonly referred to as the “upper” and the “lower”, or systolic and diastolic. Both are measured in mmHg (millimeters of mercury). Here’s a brief overview of the upper and lower blood pressure numbers.

Systolic blood pressure. This is the pressure your heart puts on blood vessels when it pumps the blood out. It is measured first and is written before/on top of the diastolic pressure. Often, a greater deal of attention is given to the systolic pressure, as it is more frequently used to diagnose hypertension.
Diastolic blood pressure. The diastolic blood pressure is the pressure on the walls of blood vessels when the heart is completely relaxed. It is measured after the systolic pressure and is commonly written behind or below it. Diastolic pressure receives less attention than systolic, though it is as important.

It is impossible for the two values to be identical. Also, it is impossible for diastolic pressure to be higher than systolic.

Ideal Blood Pressure

What is the ideal blood pressure? Generally, the optimum (normal) range for a healthy human is between 90 and 120 systolic and between 60 and 80 diastolic. However, these values rise slightly with age.

Anything slightly below the optimum range is considered lower blood pressure, while hypotension describes values significantly lower than the optimum. On the other side, anything slightly above the optimum range is heightened blood pressure and hypertension describes significantly higher values.

Have in mind that it is enough for one of the values to be outside of the optimum range to constitute either “low” or “high” blood pressure.

Characteristics

Persons with normal/optimum blood pressure are at a significantly lower risk of heart attack and stroke. Their heart and blood vessels don’t take as much punishment as they would with hypertension. Also, they are at a lower risk of developing other cardiovascular diseases and conditions than hypertensive individuals.

Maintaining Ideal Blood Pressure

It takes some effort to maintain blood pressure within the healthy boundaries. There are several things one can do to keep one’s blood pressure at a healthy level. Healthy lifestyle includes but is not limited to:

Avoiding stress. Stress is among the most top causes of high blood pressure. You should avoid it as much as possible. Avoid mental, emotional, and physical stress to stay healthy longer.
Getting enough sleep. The importance of getting enough sleep can’t be overstated. Healthy sleeping habits reduce stress and fatigue. On the other side, it results in stronger immunity, more energy throughout the day, and countless other benefits.
Exercising moderately. To keep blood pressure where it’s supposed to be, make sure you exercise moderately at least two times a week. Insufficient physical activity for a prolonged period of time can cause a slew of health problems and conditions. Inactivity is also strongly linked to obesity. On the other hand, exercising too much can lead to exhaustion and other problems.
Eating Healthy. Regular exercise, stress-free life, and healthy sleeping habits can’t do much for your blood pressure (and overall health) if you don’t eat healthy as well. That means avoiding processed sugar, junk food, saturated fats, and other unhealthy stuff. Instead, eat more vegetables, fruits, whole grains (non-gluten grains if you are gluten-sensitive), dairy, skinless poultry, fish, and polyunsaturated oils.

Ideal Blood Pressure and Age

The ideal (optimal) blood pressure ranges change somewhat as you get older. They go slightly up, mainly because your body needs more nutrients and oxygen to work properly. Here’s a quick look at the recommended values for different age groups.

Ages 21-25. 120.5 with 78.5 for men and 115.5 with 70.5 for women.
26-30. 119.5 with 76.5 for men and 113.5 with 71.5 for women.
31-35. 114.5 with 75.5 for men and 110.5 with 72.5 for women.
36-40. 120.5 with 75.5 for men and 112.5 with 74.5 for women.
41-45. 115.5 with 78.5 for men and 116.5 with 73.5 for women.
46-50. 119.5 with 80.5 for men and 124.0 with 78.5 for women.
51-55. 125.5 with 80.5 for men and 122.5 with 74.5 for women.
56-60. 129.5 with 79.5 for men and 132.5 with 78.5 for women.
61-65. 143.5 with 76.5 for men and 130.5 with 77.5 for women.

Why Is Healthy Blood Pressure Important

It is utterly important to maintain your blood pressure within the recommended boundaries, especially the systolic pressure. This is mainly due to the fact that the systolic pressure is strongly correlated to cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease. Also, it is one of the greatest risk factors for heart attack and stroke.

According to experts, those who are 40 to 89 years of age experience double the risk of stroke and coronary artery disease with every 10mmHg rise in diastolic pressure and 20mmHg in systolic pressure.

Aside from these reasons, it is important to keep your blood pressure in check because hypertension has been linked to loss of vision. Also, it can potentially damage your kidneys and even cause kidney failure.

Final Thoughts

Blood pressure is one of the most important parameters in the overall state of human health. Heightened levels of blood pressure (especially systolic pressure) are closely connected to a wide variety of diseases and conditions. Most importantly, high blood pressure is linked to increased risk of stroke, heart attack, and coronary artery disease. It is, therefore, of crucial importance to keep blood pressure in check.

To keep blood pressure within the recommended values, it is important to live a healthy lifestyle. This includes regular exercise, healthy sleeping patterns, reduced levels of stress, and eating a healthy diet.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21857368
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4998762/
https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-readings#.WSZP-sklGKc
https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/blood-pressure-whats-food-got-to-do-with-it
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/WhyBloodPressureMatters/Vision-Loss-and-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301826_Article.jsp#.XCQGrdJKiHt
http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Bloodpressure
http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Whatislow
http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Thebasics/Whatishigh
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9894438
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2913764/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3901083/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2249563/

Health

What Causes Foot Cramps?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 31, 2018 Last Edited: December 27, 2018

Arch

Foot cramps are, like other muscle cramps, painful muscle contractions. They happen quickly and can last anywhere from a couple of seconds to a few minutes.

Most commonly, foot cramps affect the arches of the feet. They can happen in the toe area and on the top of the foot, too. They can happen any time of the day or night, as well as during or after strenuous activity.

Foot cramps are usually nothing to worry about, though sometimes they can be a symptom of a larger and more serious problem. In this article, we’ll investigate what causes foot cramps and how to deal with them.

Foot Cramp Causes

Inactivity

As with many other conditions and diseases, physical inactivity can also play a role in foot cramps. It is, in fact, one of the most common causes of both daytime and nighttime foot cramps.

If you sit with a poor posture, you might prevent blood from flowing down your legs, thus causing painful cramps. Also, poor sitting posture might compress the nerves, again causing cramps.

Uncomfortable sleeping position may sometimes cause nighttime cramps. If that’s the case, you might want to change your sleeping position or mattress. To avoid inactivity-induced foot cramps, make sure you get enough exercise throughout the day.

Overexertion

On the other side, there’s physical overexertion. Similar to its polar opposite, overexertion can cause the muscles in your feet to cramp. Foot cramps caused by excessively strenuous exercise can hit people of all fitness levels.

Along with cramps during and immediately after the training session, they can also strike in the middle of the night when your body relaxes.

If you get cramps due to overexertion, you should take it as a signal to slow down and modify your training routine. Reduced activity will reduce the amount of stress in your foot muscles and allow them to recuperate.

Tight Shoes

Along with inactivity, tight and uncomfortable shoes are the leading cause of foot cramps. Whatever shoes you decide to wear, your toes have to have room to move. Also, make sure your feet don’t fall asleep in your shoes. Super-tight shoes can also cause blisters on your feet and impede blood circulation.

Walking on hard surfaces can also cause your feet to cramp because of the extra work your muscles have to do to keep you walking. Concrete and marble floors, as well as other hard surfaces, can cause your feet to cramp.

If you get blisters or the shoes constrict circulation, you might consider purchasing bigger shoes. Additionally, stretch and massage your feet when you take off your shoes.

Pregnancy

A percentage of pregnant women may also experience foot cramps during the night. This is especially common in the middle and later stages of the pregnancy.

At this time, the definitive cause of nighttime foot cramps in pregnant women hasn’t been discovered, though they are suspected to be related to dehydration and lack of magnesium and other important nutrients. The cramps have also been linked to significant weight gains during pregnancy.

To fight off foot cramps, pregnant women should stay active, drink enough water, wear comfortable shoes, take magnesium supplements, and stretch their foot and calf muscles.

Medications

A range of medications can cause muscle cramps (including leg and foot cramps) as a side effect. The list includes but is not limited to:

High blood pressure medications. Some blood pressure drugs (diuretics) are known for causing muscle cramps. The cramps happen due to decreased levels of potassium in your body due to frequent urination after taking diuretics.
Birth control pills. Some experts claim that taking birth control pills can result in leg and foot muscle cramps.
A study published in 2010 found that foot cramps are one of the side effects of cholesterol-lowering statins. The research posits that individuals who take statins have a higher chance of developing foot cramps after or during strenuous training.

Health Issues

Along with medications, certain diseases and health conditions can cause foot cramps. Here’s a quick overview of some of the most prominent.

Lumbar spinal stenosis. Lumbar spinal stenosis can cause pretty severe cramps in legs and feet. A group of Japanese researches determined that the occurrence of nighttime foot cramps in patients who had received surgical treatment for LSS is far lower than in patients who hadn’t.
Peripheral artery disease. The most common symptoms of PAD (peripheral artery disease) are cramps in feet, legs, and hips. Also, the patients s usually also have cold feet and calves.
Kidney disease. Along with a slew of other symptoms, kidney disease also includes foot and leg cramps. The severity of the cramps varies from patient to patient.
An article published in 2014 by Dr. Hans Katzberg strongly associates diabetes-induced neuropathy and nephropathy with muscle cramps. Diabetic neuropathy usually starts with foot and leg cramps, pain, and numbness.
Parkinson’s disease. Those suffering from Parkinson’s disease are likely to experience dystonia. It is a movement disorder caused by incorrect brain signals that prompt various muscles in the body (including foot muscles) to contract.

Low Potassium Levels

Low potassium levels (hypokalemia) can be caused by dehydration, excessive sweating, vomiting, and kidney diseases. The imbalance in potassium levels is linked to foot and leg cramps mainly as part of a bigger renal health issue.

Low Magnesium Levels

A study published in July 1996 by D. L. Bilbey and V. M. Prabhakaran examined two patients suffering from magnesium deficiency. It found that low magnesium levels were strongly correlated to the occurrence of muscle cramps. The lack of magnesium prevents muscle from relaxing, thus playing a role in cramps.

Dehydration

Poor hydration plays a role in a huge number of health conditions, one of which is muscle cramps (or foot cramps in this case). Dehydration can also be a consequence of a range of illnesses and conditions. Finally, strenuous exercise and hard physical work can also dehydrate the body.

When your body is dehydrated and low on electrolytes, regardless of the cause, the muscles become more susceptible to cramping, pain, and spasms. Dehydration-induced cramps may occur at any time of the day or night.

Alcohol

Excessive alcohol intake can quickly drain your body of water and important nutrients. It may cause many unpleasant side effects, including foot and leg cramps.

Moreover, heavy drinking might damage nerves and result in alcoholic neuropathy. Some of the most common symptoms include muscle cramps, tingling, weakness, and numbness in legs and arms.

The Takeaway

What causes foot cramps? Commonly, tight shoes and hard floors are to blame. Exceptionally hard exercise or an increased workload can cause them, too. Cramps can hit at any time of the day or night. Oftentimes, they go away on their own and are nothing to worry about.

If the cramps happen frequently and you’re not sure about the cause, it is recommended to contact your health care provider and schedule an appointment. Sometimes, foot cramps can be a symptom or side effect of a more serious condition or disease.

References:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/leg-cramps-during-pregnancy/faq-20057766
http://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure/types-of-blood-pressure-medications
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949584/
https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/za1086
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3990082/
http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/BloodPressureandyou/Yourbody/Peripheralarterydisease
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20371580
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/1/e17
https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/information-and-support/muscle-cramps-and-dystonia
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hypokalemia/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2146789/
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000714.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4206379/

Health

How to Stop Ringing in Ears – Useful Tips and Tricks

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 28, 2018 Last Edited: December 27, 2018

Arch

Ringing in the ears can be downright annoying. And if you are an avid party-goer or work in extremely noisy environments, the ringing is familiar to you all too well.

On the bright side, the ringing usually stops after a few hours and your auditory experience of the world gets back to normal. However, it’s not uncommon for the ringing to persist for a few days. If that happens, you are bound to wonder how to stop ringing in ears?

Stay with us and you’ll get a more complete understanding of its origin and causes and pick up some tips and trick for stopping ringing in the ears.

What Is Ringing in the Ears?

According to Harvard Medical School, up to 60 million people in the US suffer from tinnitus or ringing in the ears. But why does tinnitus occur in the first place?

As previously indicated, loud noise is the primary cause. To be exact, prolonged exposure to sound pressure levels (SPL) greater than 85dB can result in tinnitus and other forms of hearing issues and even hearing loss. Let’s take a look at how hearing works to get a better understanding of tinnitus.

Sound reaches our middle and inner ear via the ear canal. The inner ear consists of the cochlea which has minute hair cells that convert sound vibrations to neural signals. The auditory nerve then carries the signals to the auditory cortex to be processed into what we call hearing.

But if the hair cells become damaged, the brain wouldn’t receive the expected signals, which causes a heightened neural activity. This heightened activity creates sound illusion or tinnitus.

In addition to noise, some drugs like aspirin are also known to cause hearing damage and tinnitus. And it doesn’t have to be actual ringing – some people reportedly experience hissing, roaring, or humming.

Is There a Silver Lining?

Luckily, ringing in the ears is rarely a major health concern and it’s not a usual symptom of a more serious condition. However, if it won’t go away, you should surely pay a visit to your doctor to rule out ear infection and other conditions.

On the upside, there are a number of remedies that can help you get rid of tinnitus. Check out the list below for some tips on how to stop ringing in ears.

Sound Therapy

People who suffer from tinnitus are often bothered by silence. Sound therapy can ease the symptoms and make you feel more relaxed. It is recommended to play natural soothing sounds, soft music, or white noise. For example, bird sounds, rainfall, and waves hitting a beach are known to help. You can download or listen to such sounds and more online.

If these sounds are not your thing, opening the window to let in outdoor noise may also help. Turning on the fan or AC wouldn’t hurt either.

Relaxation

This might be easier said than done, what with jingle bells playing in your ears and all. Luckily, there are various relaxation techniques such as breathing exercises and meditation that should do the trick.

You should find a peaceful place, sit back, and concentrate on your breading. Similarly, a few minutes of meditation can do wonders for tinnitus-induced anxiety and lack of focus. In some cases, people even resort to cognitive behavioral therapy to ease the symptoms.

It’s worth pointing out that it shouldn’t take more than 10 to 15 minutes of focused breathing or meditation to lessen or even stop tinnitus.

Mineral and Vitamin Intake

There are a few minerals and vitamins that can help with the condition. According to researchers from the University of Leicester, magnesium-rich foods can be an effective remedy for ringing in the ears. So you may want to add seeds, nuts, dark leafy greens, and dark chocolate to your diet.

In addition, tinnitus might be linked to B12 and zinc deficiency. Consequently, supplementing these minerals and vitamins may put a stop to the annoying ringing. What’s more, taking Gingko Biloba extract may also help lessen the symptoms.

Black Coffee

Caffeine seems to play a vital role in tinnitus prevention and may stop the ringing altogether. A study by Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston reveals that the incidence of tinnitus was 15% lower among women who had one and a half cups of coffee a day.

Admittedly, it is not clear how exactly caffeine helps with the condition. But one thing is for sure – the substance stimulates the nervous system and alleviates the ringing sound.

Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT)

As mentioned, tinnitus comes as a result of heightened neural activity. And tinnitus retraining therapy is based on this premise. It aims to accustom your nervous system to the signals that produce tinnitus and make it easier to cope with as a result.

TRT has two components. The first one is counseling to get a better understanding of tinnitus. This is followed by sound therapy with low-level sounds that correspond to the quality, volume, and pitch of the ringing in your ears.

The treatment duration might last up to two years, depending on the severity of the condition.

Prevention

Since there might be some long-term damage, it is best to prevent tinnitus. Listening to loud music is one of the primary causes of ringing in the ears. The same goes for concerts and motorcycles and anything that produces abnormally high SPL.

This is why you should wear earplugs whenever it gets too loud, concerts, gun ranges, etc.. In addition, drinking an excessive amount of alcohol increases blood flow in your ears which in turn amplifies the ringing sound. And it’s a good idea to have your hearing tested if you are often exposed to loud noise.

Saved by the Bell

Albeit mostly harmless, ringing in the ears does signify that your inner ear has sustained some damage. Therefore, it should go without saying that you need to actively try to prevent it.

Enjoy some dark chocolate and coffee but don’t forget to turn down the volume when you have the earphones on.

References:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014488617300456
https://www.tinnitus.org.uk/self-help
https://www.tinnitus.org.uk/sound-therapy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341117/
https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss
https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/tinnitus-ringing-in-the-ears-and-what-to-do-about-it

All About Narcolepsy Symptoms and More

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 28, 2018 Last Edited: December 27, 2018

Arch

Narcolepsy is often described as feeling more than just tired and may include some worrying symptoms like hallucinations. It’s estimated that one in 2000 people suffers from this condition. Some families might be more predisposed to narcolepsy than others but it’s not a genetic disorder, per se.

Unfortunately, the triggers that cause narcolepsy symptoms remain unclear as of this writing. There is a possibility that a specific type of narcolepsy is associated with low hypocretin levels. But it might not be the only cause.

Regardless of the underlying causes, this neurological condition can seriously affect one’s life. This is why it’s worth taking a closer look at narcolepsy and some of the most common symptoms.

Continue reading for more details including the various treatments.

What Is Narcolepsy?

The neurological condition which affects wakefulness and sleep control is better known as narcolepsy. Those afflicted feel abnormal sleepiness during the day. In addition, they can fall asleep repeatedly and involuntarily in the middle of any activity.

Under normal circumstances, people slowly go from one sleep stage to another. And in about an hour and a half, normal people reach rapid eye movement (REM) deep sleep. However, things are quite different for a narcoleptic.

Narcoleptics go straight to the REM stage even when wide awake. As you might know, it is during REM sleep that we dream or experience muscle paralysis. This explains some of the narcolepsy symptoms like hallucinations and lack of muscle tone.

The first signs of narcolepsy usually appear in late teens or early adulthood. In fact, a lot of narcolepsy cases remain undiagnosed and untreated. It’s a good idea to seek medical help as soon as you spot some of the alarming symptoms.

Types of Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy can be categorized into two types.

Type 1

This type of narcolepsy includes cataplexy and low CSF hypocretin-1 levels – some patients might have no hypocretin at all. These symptoms are coupled with excessive sleepiness during the day.

Cataplexy involves an unexpected lack of muscle tone during wakefulness. Those afflicted can feel their knees buckle or slur while speaking. In severe cases, complete paralysis may occur. It’s worth noting that people with low hypocretin have type 1 narcolepsy even if they don’t suffer from cataplexy.

Type 2

Type 2 narcolepsy is just abnormal daytime sleepiness without cataplexy. People who suffer from it might feel refreshed after a quick nap. However, this feeling doesn’t last long as they become sleepy and tired soon after.

Narcolepsy Symptoms

While the first symptoms usually occur in late teens and early adulthood, they can appear at any age. They usually start with daytime drowsiness which may escalate if untreated.

These are the most common narcolepsy symptoms:

Abnormal Sleepiness During the Day

A hard-to-control urge to sleep at the wrong time is one of the hallmarks of narcolepsy. However, many people feel tired and sleepy during the day for a number of different reasons. This makes it hard to diagnose the condition in its early stages.

Other prominent symptoms like muscle weakness, hallucinations, and cataplexy might take years to develop. In addition, narcolepsy might be confused with other sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea.

However, if a person falls asleep all of a sudden in the middle of an activity, it is one of the surest signs of narcolepsy.

Hallucinations

Hallucinations are one of the most terrifying narcolepsy symptoms – vivid dreams which feel so real that some people even report smelling, tasting, and hearing things which are not there.

If the hallucinations come with paralysis, things can get even worse. There have been reports of demon or alien sighting and the victims couldn’t do anything to save themselves.

Similar to daytime sleepiness, hallucinations are also associated with some other conditions.

Paralysis

REM-phase paralysis is nature’s way of preventing us from getting injured during deep sleep. The problem with narcolepsy and paralysis is that it occurs at the wrong time. It can happen when the patient is awake, such as at the moment of waking up or falling asleep.

Like hallucinations, narcoleptic paralysis feels quite frightening and debilitating. On the bright side, it lasts only a few seconds or minutes – though it might well have felt like forever to the afflicted person.

Cataplexy

A temporary and uncontrollable loss of muscle tone is characteristic of cataplexy. The common trigger of this narcoleptic symptom is a heightened emotional state such as extreme happiness, stress, or anger.

The intensity may vary from as mild as a slight eyelid droop to as severe as losing control of the limbs or the whole body. During a cataplexy attack, people’s speech might become slurred and they can even collapse due to the loss of muscle tone.

The frequency and pattern can vary. Some experience several attacks a day, while others may only have a couple of them in their entire life. Like with paralysis, episodes of cataplexy can last up to a few minutes.

Poor Memory and Sleep

Paradoxically, about 50% of narcoleptics struggle to sleep well during the night. They may often wake up and have troubles going back to sleep.

Not being completely awake during daytime activities also affects memory. There may be memory gaps due to sleepiness and they often occur during activities which are not cognitively demanding.

Narcolepsy Treatment

There is no singular cure for narcolepsy but there are treatments can help. They include following a well-thought-out daytime schedule, taking moderate amounts of caffeine, and taking naps.

Medications that promote wakefulness are also prescribed in some cases and antidepressants can help with hallucinations and cataplexy. These drugs may come with some side effects like nervousness, agitation, nausea, and loss of appetite. A qualified psychiatrist would know how to tweak the dosage to balance the treatment and side effects.

Final Word

Narcolepsy is a condition that can wear a person down and it might be hard to diagnose. But there are some contemporary methods like polysomnogram and the multiple sleep latency test that can confirm the condition.

You’ll know it’s time to visit the doctor if you notice any of the narcolepsy symptoms above. Keep in mind that narcolepsy is a rare condition, so your fatigue and vivid dreams may just be the results of a stressful lifestyle.

References:

https://www.everydayhealth.com/narcolepsy/symptoms-early-signs-how-spot-them/
http://sleepeducation.org/essentials-in-sleep/narcolepsy/symptoms
https://www.sleepfoundation.org/narcolepsy/content/cataplexy
http://sleepeducation.org/essentials-in-sleep/narcolepsy/overview-facts
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/narcolepsy
https://www.hypersomniafoundation.org/glossary/hypocretin

Health

White Creamy Discharge – What Does It Mean?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 27, 2018 Last Edited: March 6, 2019

Vaginal discharge is often a cause of worry in women, but it shouldn’t be. Different kinds of discharge, including the white creamy one, occur naturally and are perfectly normal. It’s a mechanism that safeguards the female reproductive organs and keep them functioning smoothly.

Nevertheless, if you see a white creamy discharge – what does it mean and is something wrong? In general, there is no reason to panic especially if there is no itching, or tingling, or foul odor.

On the other hand, it makes sense to describe what’s a normal discharge and take a closer look at the potential causes. In addition, the appearance and consistency may vary so read on to get a more complete picture.

What Is Vaginal Discharge?

The glands within the female reproductive system secrete fluids which are then carried away through the cervix to the vagina and out of your body. These fluids that remove bacteria and dead cells to thwart infection are commonly known as vaginal discharge.

Normal discharge can vary in color and odor. It may be watery and clear or white and creamy. The color and consistency depend on the phase of the menstrual cycle. In addition, the amount of discharge also varies due to different factors.

Women who are breastfeeding, ovulating, or sexually aroused usually have a greater amount of discharge. In addition, the smell may be a bit different during pregnancy or for hygienic reasons.

Different Kinds of White Vaginal Discharge

So, what are the variations and their causes?

Milky White Discharge

A discharge of egg white consistency occurs at the beginning of the menstrual cycle. The thinner it is, the closer the woman is to ovulation. On the other hand, the secretion can become creamier as a woman gets closer to her period.

Milky white discharge might also be an early sign of pregnancy. It’s the pregnancy-related hormonal changes that cause the discharge. It helps purge the reproductive system of germs and aids in the formation of the cervical mucus plug. What’s more, this discharge stops bacteria from spreading inside the uterus.

Thick White Discharge

Leukorrhea, or thick white discharge, can appear at different times during the menstrual cycle. Like most white discharges, it’s perfectly normal, although sometimes it is the sign of an infection. Generally, the secretion will be thinner during the days before ovulation.

The discharge usually thickens at the onset of ovulation and might become mucus-like. Consequently, some women look at it as a sign of fertility. Influenced by changes in reproductive hormones, this type of discharge maintains vaginal lubrication and moisture.

It also keeps the pH values at an optimum. And take note: the mucus discharge might increase as much as 30 times after ovulation.

Sticky White Discharge

When not ovulating, the white discharge is usually thick and sticky. It acts as a two-fold barrier that prevents sperm from reaching the uterus and defends the cervix against bacteria and germs. One medical text refers to this condition as “not sperm-friendly.”

Once again, sticky white secretion is natural. It basically washes out germs and maintains vaginal health.

Clotted White Discharge

If you notice any clots or clumps, they might be signs of a yeast infection. This often occurs as the result of a pH imbalance which allows fungi to thrive. The imbalance can happen due to excess weight, antibiotic use, the use of contraceptive pills, and more.

Candida albicans is the fungus responsible for vaginal yeast infection. It can rapidly blossom and include symptoms like:

Vaginal itchiness
Red or swollen vulva
Painful intercourse or urination
Green or yellow discharge color

There’s a variety of over-the-counter medications for run-of-the-mill yeast infection. In moderate to severe cases, prescription antifungals might be required. Either way, a woman should abstain from sex during treatment.

Frequent outbreaks of yeast infection, on the other hand, would indicate it’s time to pay a visit to the doctor.

Abnormal Vaginal Discharge

It’s worth remembering that white creamy vaginal discharge is usually normal unless accompanied by irritation, itchiness, or a burning sensation. If the color is brown, yellow, or green, it is often the sign of an infection or something more serious.

Brown Discharge

Irregular periods might be one of the causes of brown discharge. However, that’s not the only cause. If such discharge appears frequently, a woman should see her gynecologist for an evaluation and get to the root of the problem.

This goes double for women in menopause since they are not supposed to experience any kind of vaginal bleeding. And brown discharge can be an early sign of cervical or uterine cancer.

Yellow Discharge

Yellow vaginal discharge can indicate a bacterial infection and it is mostly considered abnormal. It can also be the sign of an STD if coupled with a strange odor.

Green Discharge

Trichomoniasis is a protozoan parasite which causes STDs and produces green vaginal discharge. Other bacteria might also be the culprit for this kind of secretion. One way or another, a woman should seek immediate medical help.

On the bright side, antibiotics are effective against trichomoniasis.

Factors to Consider

To get the big picture of what the white creamy discharge is or isn’t, it’s important to take a few things into consideration.

First is the woman’s age since people go through hormonal changes as they grow older. Next would be the pregnancy status because white discharge is one of the common symptoms. And lastly, vaginal discharge can be influenced by medications and medical conditions like diabetes.

The Bottom Line

White creamy discharge – what does it mean? In general, it means that a woman is in perfect health and her reproductive organs work as they are supposed to. So there is no need to worry about this secretion even if the amount is greater than usual, which is often the case after ovulation.

On the other hand, you know what to do if the color is other than white and if there’s a funny odor.

References:

https://www.cdc.gov/std/trichomonas/stdfact-trichomoniasis.htm
https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/genital/index.html
https://youngwomenshealth.org/2013/06/19/yeast-infection/
http://www.pamf.org/teen/health/femalehealth/discharge.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/leukorrhea
https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/early-symptoms-timeline#missed-period

Health

Skin Rashes that Itch

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 26, 2018 Last Edited: December 26, 2018

Arch

Itchy rashes are a rather uncomfortable and potentially embarrassing condition. The rashes can show up all over the body, in multiple areas, or in a specific place. The itch can be caused by a huge range of conditions and diseases, ranging from the benign (flea bites, dry skin) to serious (diabetes, kidney failure).

If caused by an internal disorder or autoimmune disease, the rashes are not contagious. On the other hand, if it is caused by a virus or fungi, it is transmittable. Read on for more info on the causes and symptoms of common skin rashes that itch.

What Causes Itchy Rashes?

Various skin conditions, internal disorders, nervous system disorders, and irritants can cause itchy rashes. Some pregnant women can experience them, as well.

Skin Conditions

The most common causes are non-infectious skin conditions. Some conditions can affect any part of the skin, while others are specific to certain areas. The most prevalent ones include:

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes a buildup of skin cells. The cells, in turn, cause scaling of the skin on the surface level. The scales are commonly white or silver and surrounded by red patches. It is not unusual for the patches to crack and bleed. Psoriasis most commonly affects knees and elbows, though it can be found pretty much anywhere on the body. It is important to point out that psoriasis is non-transmittable. Stress, alcohol, injuries, medications, and various infections can cause psoriasis. It can also be inherited.
Eczema. This is a chronic skin condition characterized by inflamed and itchy skin patches. It affects babies, kids, and adults alike. It commonly appears on the back of knees, elbows, inner elbows, cheeks, scalp, and arms. It is not contagious. Itchy, rough, dry, inflamed, flaky, and irritated skin patches are the most common symptoms.
Dermatitis. Dermatitis is a catch-all term for skin inflammations. Swollen, dry and red skin patches are the most common symptoms of dermatitis. The severity can range from very mild to severe. The condition is commonly caused by contact with an irritant, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis. This condition is not contagious, though stress, asthma, comorbidity with other health issues might worsen it.
This condition is also known as dermatographia or skin writing. It appears as scratches that develop and disappear quickly. The scratches can either be white or red. According to experts, around 5% of people suffer from this condition. There is no cure for dermatographism at this time.
A number of infections can cause itchy skin rashes. They include measles, fungal rashes (yeast infection, ringworm, jock itch, athlete’s foot, onychomycosis), lice, scabies, pinworms, and mites.

Internal Disorders

Aside from skin conditions, a number of internal disorders might cause skin rashes that itch. The most common include thyroid disease, kidney failure, leukemia, cirrhosis, bile duct obstruction, anemia, and lymphoma. Such itchy rashes are not contagious.

Nervous System Disorders

Some nervous system disorders have also been linked to itchy rashes. Like the ones caused by internal disorders, these rashes are not contagious. Some of the most common disorders that can cause rashes include neuropathy, shingles, diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.

Pregnancy

Itchy rashes might develop during pregnancy, too. The affected areas usually include the arms, breasts, thighs, and abdomen. It is most commonly associated with pruritus, which happens to one in five pregnant women.

Irritants

Various irritants and allergens can cause itchy rashes. Plants like poison ivy and poison oak are known to cause rashes. Mosquito, bed bug, and flea bites are also among the common causes. Certain food allergies (peanuts, wheat) and material allergies (wool) can cause itchy rashes too.

Common Itchy Rashes

Candida

Candida is among the most common rashes that itch. It’s usually found in skin folds in the buttocks, armpits, under breasts, and between toes and fingers. It starts with burning, itchy rashes that are red and wet. In later stages, the skin cracks, blisters, and forms pustules. The sores and pustules might be bacteria-infected.

Athlete’s Foot

Athlete’s Foot is one of the most common skin conditions. It affects non-athletes too. The condition is characterized by stinging and burning sensations on the sole of the foot or between the toes. Itchy blisters are also common, as are thick and discolored toenails. Raw skin on the foot is also associated with the condition.

Flea Bites

Flea bites can happen to kids and adults. Commonly, they appear on the feet and ankles, as they are closest to the ground (and most accessible to fleas). The bites are usually grouped in clusters and appear as hard red bumps surrounded by red haloes. The symptoms start immediately after the bite.

Body Lice

Body lice are different from head and pubic lice. Sometimes, their eggs are visible on the body. The rashes are caused by the body’s allergic reaction to their bites. The bites manifest as itchy, red bumps. Commonly, the skin around them thickens and takes on a darker hue.

Jock Itch

Jock itch is a fungal infection that’s mildly contagious and commonly found on the inner thighs. It is characterized by darkened patches of skin near the genital area. Constant itching, redness, and burning sensations are commonly reported. Cracking, peeling or flaking skin in the genital area is also common. The rashes tend to worsen with physical activity.

Ringworm

Besides athlete’s foot and jock itch, which are also caused by ringworm, this common fungal infection can appear anywhere on the body. It is usually manifested in the form of silver or red rashes. The rashes are itchy and may also be swollen, dry, or scaly.

Measles

Measles is an infectious viral disease that mostly affects children. Common symptoms include rashes, sore throat, loss of appetite, runny nose, and fever. The rashes are red and affect the entire body, spreading from the face down. It takes three to five days to fully develop.

Scabies

Scabies is an infectious disease that can be transmitted via sexual intercourse. The symptoms can take between two and six weeks to fully develop if it is the first infection. They are characterized by itchy rashes and raised (flesh-colored or white) lines. The rashes can be scaly, pimply or blistery.

Final Thoughts

Sometimes, itchy rashes come and go quickly without treatment. However, if the rashes persist, make sure to pay your healthcare provider a visit for diagnosis and treatment.

After the checkup, you might be required to undergo some tests to determine the cause of the rashes. Depending on the cause and severity of the rashes, thyroid, skin, and blood tests might be in the offing. In addition, a biopsy might be necessary.

References:

https://www.psoriasis.org/research/genes-and-psoriatic-disease
https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/4089-dermatitis
https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/dermographism/
https://medlineplus.gov/yeastinfections.html
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ringworm/
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000876.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4047123/
https://medlineplus.gov/headlice.html
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/index.html
https://medlineplus.gov/pinworms.html
http://www.dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/environmental-health-protection/structural-pest-control/mites-affecting-humans
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8541-thyroid-disease
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidney-failure/what-is-kidney-failure
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/leukemia.html
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cirrhosis/
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000263.htm
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/anemia
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/lymphoma.html
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14737-neuropathy
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/shingles/
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes
http://www.nationalmssociety.org/What-is-MS/Definition-of-MS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860924/

Health

Does Rice Have Gluten?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 26, 2018 Last Edited: December 27, 2018

Arch

Rice is a staple of many Asian cuisines and a popular alternative to wheat in other parts of the world. It owes its status to the fact that it is filling, though it also contains antioxidants and vitamins.

But, does rice have gluten? The short answer is no. In its natural form, rice doesn’t contain gluten. Though it can completely replace gluten products, it is best consumed in combination with other gluten-free grains to ensure one is getting enough minerals and vitamins.

Gluten Intolerance, Celiac Disease, and Wheat Allergy

Gluten intolerance is a medical condition caused by the body’s inability to process gluten protein. Depending on the symptoms and their severity, the condition may range from mild gluten intolerance to full-on celiac disease. Wheat allergy is another gluten-related condition. Here’s a word or two on each.

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity. NCGS is a condition that manifests in ways similar to celiac disease. However, there is no damage to the small intestine as commonly associated with celiac disease. Usually, patients with gluten sensitivity experience brain fog (mental fatigue), physical fatigue, headaches, bloating, abdominal pain, and gas after eating foods that contain gluten. Some experts claim that 1% to 6% of Americans are sensitive to gluten.
Celiac disease. Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the small intestine, particularly the villi (parts of the small intestine in charge of nutrient absorption). According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1 in 133 US residents have celiac disease. Some of the most common symptoms include chronic diarrhea, constipation, bloating, stomach pain, gas, pale stool, vomiting, and nausea.
Wheat allergy. Wheat allergy is one of the most widespread food allergies in the United States. It is an allergic reaction to the proteins (including gluten) in wheat. Common symptoms include mouth and throat irritation, nasal congestion, difficulty breathing, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, eye irritation, rashes, and hives. Persons who are allergic to wheat usually experience the symptoms immediately after eating foods that contain wheat. In extreme cases, the symptoms can be life-threatening.

Gluten-Free Rice

All rice is gluten-free in its natural form and only processed rice may contain gluten. This commonly happens with wheat-based mixes. Also, rice might contain gluten if it is produced in the same facilities (and with the same equipment) as other products that contain gluten.

Aside from that, if it is labeled wheat-free, it doesn’t automatically mean that it’s free of gluten. If you have to or choose to live a gluten-free lifestyle, make sure to check the label or go with brands of rice that you know or trust to be gluten-free.

That being said, different types of rice have different health benefits and nutritional contents. Therefore, when preparing rice-based gluten-free food, you should make sure to pick the type that caters to your personal needs. Here’s some basic info on the major types of rice.

White rice. White rice is the most common variety found on the shelves. However, much of its nutritional content has been sacrificed for the sake of longer shelf life and smooth texture. White rice lacks the majority of minerals, vitamins, and fibers found in non-processed rice.
Brown rice. Brown rice is an unrefined variety. It is rich in nutrients and has more texture than white rice. Brown rice contains a lot of fiber, selenium, and manganese. If you’re buying uncooked brown rice, store it in airtight containers or refrigerate it.
Wild rice. Wild rice, though marketed and sold as rice, is not really rice. It is a type of gluten-free grass. However, due to the significantly higher cultivation and processing costs, it is commonly mixed with white and brown varieties. Finally, wild rice is rich in fibers, vitamin B6, folate, and antioxidants.

Eating Sushi

If you have problems digesting gluten, you should also be careful when you go out to eat sushi. Even though it is considered generally safe (algae, rice, and raw fish meat don’t contain gluten), sushi might contain vinegar made from grains that contain gluten. If that’s the case, feel free to ask the chef to prepare the sushi with plain rice.

Other Gluten-Free Grains

Besides rice, there’s a host of other healthy and gluten-free grains. Here’s a quick overview of some of the most popular.

Buckwheat is actually unrelated to wheat. It has no gluten and is rich in quercetin and rutin (potent antioxidants). A study published in 1995 found that consuming buckwheat can reduce the levels of LDL cholesterol.
Quinoa is super-rich in protein and fiber. It has a reputation as one of the healthiest grains around and is extremely popular among vegetarians and vegans. It contains all of the eight amino acids the human body needs to function properly.
Oats are rich in beta-glucan fiber and other healthy and nutritious substances. They can potentially reduce the level of LDL and boost HDL cholesterol, as found by this study. Beta-glucan fiber has also been linked to lower insulin and blood sugar levels.
Amaranth was used by the Aztecs and the Mayas, and it has remained a popular grain even to this day. It is gluten-free and rich in other nutrients. It is effective at suppressing inflammation and keeping LDL cholesterol low.
Millet has been a popular grain since the ancient times. Today, it is best known for its role as bird food. However, it can be effective at lowering blood sugar levels and glycemic response. A study conducted on rats and published in 2010 found that eating millet reduces inflammation and triglycerides.
Sorghum serves as both animal feed and cereal grain. It is gluten-free and rich in antioxidants. It has been linked to lowered risks of chronic diseases and oxidative stress. Another study found that sorghum can help with inflammation.

Final Words

Rice is one of the most widely used grains worldwide. It comes in many different varieties and is naturally gluten-free. Brown or unprocessed rice is the healthiest and most nutritious variety out there.

Rice, in general, is considered safe for people suffering from gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy. That said, gluten and wheat-sensitive individuals should be careful with rice mixes.

Aside from rice, individuals with gluten intolerance might also incorporate quinoa, millet, amaranth, oats, and buckwheat into their diet.

References:

http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease/Pages/facts.aspx
https://wholegrainscouncil.org/whole-grains-101/whats-whole-grain-refined-grain/gluten-free-whole-grains
https://acaai.org/allergies/types/food-allergy
https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2012/11/arsenic-in-your-food/index.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27046048
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7840076
http://www.fao.org/quinoa-2013/what-is-quinoa/nutritional-value/en/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8033532
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8332587
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20534332
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15184005
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673059

Health

Learn How to Remove Blackheads without Making It Worse

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 25, 2018 Last Edited: December 24, 2018

Arch

Blackheads are an uncomfortable conversation topic. Like other skin blemishes, they are considered embarrassing to have, especially after you’ve grown out of puberty. But some people are naturally more prone to this form of acne. If that’s the case for you, you need to know how to remove blackheads without damaging your skin.

What’s a Blackhead?

This is a mild form of acne that can happen to anyone. It forms as a result of your hair follicles getting clogged by oil and dead skin cells. A clogged follicle can be a whitehead, if the surface is closed, or it can turn into a blackhead if the surface remains open. The dark spot that appears on the surface of your skin comes from oxidation.

Blackheads are slightly raised from the surface of your skin. They generally aren’t painful like pimples, which is because the skin isn’t inflamed but merely clogged. It’s important to keep in mind that blackheads can turn into pimples if they get infected by bacteria.

In most cases, blackheads develop on the face, but they can also form on the shoulders, arms, or neck. You can also get blackheads on your back, especially if you’re prone to other forms of back acne.

How to Remove Blackheads?

Experts say that pushing the plug out of your skin can lead to scarring. Scratching and popping your blackhead is a bad idea and it can have unpleasant long-term consequences.

But there are some other popular skin-clearing methods that can lead to problems too. For example, pore strips and masks can be bad for your skin.

It’s true that using pore strips can help unclog your blackheads, and your face will seem clearer at first. However, this also removes the oil from your skin, leading to dryness and irritation. As a consequence, your oil glands become more active and you can end up with more blackheads than you had initially.

It’s crucial to learn how to remove blackheads safely without causing this kind of irritation. Here are a few methods that can help.

1. Over-the-Counter Acne Medication

If your blackheads are very noticeable and they cause you embarrassment, it’s a great idea to look for acne medication. You can purchase acne and blackhead treatments in pharmacies, but some types are also available in grocery stores. These are all topical treatments that usually come in the form of gel or cream.

What ingredients should you look for?

Doctors say that salicylic acid and resorcinol break down blackheads before they can become inflamed. Benzoyl peroxide and Retin-A both help renew your skin, and sulfur has a beneficial effect as well.

2. Try a Chemical Peel

While some face masks can do more harm than good, a professional-grade chemical peel can help remove dead skin cells on the top layer of your skin. You can also try a clay mask, and it’s a good idea to look for a brand that contains some of the useful ingredients listed above. Charcoal masks can also be beneficial to your skin.

3. AHA and BHA Exfoliants

Alpha and beta hydroxy acids (AHA and BHA) are commonly found in high-quality skincare products. They help remove dead skin cells and unclog your pores, but they have some other important benefits as well. An AHA or BHA treatment can decrease skin inflammation and the size of your pores.

You can ask a professional to help you decide between these two exfoliants. AHA can help with discoloration problems, but it makes your skin more sensitive to the sun. Salicylic acid is one of the most frequently used BHAs in skincare. It’s also a good idea to use products that use both hydroxyl acids.

4. Removal by Dermatologists and Skin Care Professionals

If you can’t remove the blackheads by applying OTC treatments, you should turn to a professional. Choose a certified skin care professional who’s experienced in blackhead removal or consult a dermatologist. These professionals can manually remove your blackheads without causing infections or scars. The process isn’t particularly painful.

If manual removal didn’t work, you might get a prescription for drugs that can help. For example, you can explore a retinoids prescription. If your blackheads are combined with a more serious form of acne, you may need a regimen of antibiotics. Retinoids come in cream or pills.

Additionally, your dermatologist can advise you about light therapy or laser therapy. These methods decrease the oiliness of your skin and they have an antibacterial effect as well.

What About Prevention?

Depending on your chosen method of blackhead removal, clearing your skin can be a slow process. It can take you weeks or months to be entirely free of blackheads, even with professional help. Once you’re rid of this skin blemish, you’ll probably want to do all you can to prevent it from coming back.

Here are a few simple ways to prevent blackheads from forming:

1. Don’t Sleep in Your Makeup

If you use makeup daily, you should take care to remove it completely as soon as possible. Use professional makeup removal products and then wash your face thoroughly before you go to sleep. It’s best to choose makeup products that are oil-free, as you want to prevent clogging up the pores on your face. The word for makeup that leaves your pores free is noncomedogenic.

2. Keep Your Face and Hair Clean

Washing your face and neck regularly is the best way to protect the health of your skin. You want to remove dead skin cells without removing all the oil from the surface. Use water and gentle cleaning products, both in the morning and after strenuous activities.

3. Choose Loose-Fitting Clothing

If you have blackheads on your back or shoulders, choose loose and breathable clothes.

A Final Word

Research shows that Americans spend over $300 million a year on over-the-counter acne and blackhead products. There is a growing awareness of the common mistakes that lead to skin problems, and smooth skin is more important than ever.

The best way to protect your skin is to stick to the facts. Not all beauty products are efficient, and some can even damage your skin. Natural remedies are popular and they can be helpful, but their effectiveness has limits. The best way to live without blackheads is to prevent them to the best of your ability and take care when removing them at home with a mask or OTC gel.

References:

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pk0x5zv
https://www.healthline.com/health/blackheads
https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/how-to-get-rid-of-blackheads
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dangerous-beauty-products_b_4168587
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/107146.php

Health

9 Natural Home Remedies for a Headache – Discover Why They Work

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 25, 2018 Last Edited: December 24, 2018

Arch

Dealing with a headache is exhausting and dispiriting, and far too many people have regular headaches. According to WHO, around one in two people worldwide experience some form of headache disorder that manifests at least once a year. For many of us, the symptoms are far more frequent than that.

Over-the-counter painkillers usually help with headaches. However, if you get headaches all the time, you might prefer to avoid taking these medications. When you have a mild headache, it may feel unnecessary to ease it with drugs. Fortunately, there are many home remedies that you can use instead of, or in addition to, painkillers.

But which remedies are efficient in this situation? Here is a list of some excellent natural home remedies for a headache.

1. A Glass of Water

The first thing you want to do when a headache hits is to make sure you’re not dehydrated. Dehydration headaches are common and they can creep up on you. You don’t always notice that your body lost too much water, and you won’t necessarily feel thirst when it happens.

When you are dehydrated, your brain shrinks temporarily. This may lead to pain that’s all over the head or localized to the front or the back. You might also feel fatigue and dizziness, and your heart rate might increase. Severe dehydration can be extremely dangerous to the point of causing a fever or loss of consciousness.

Replenishing your fluids is the only solution to dehydration. Water is sufficient in most cases, but you should also consider sports drinks. These contain valuable electrolytes that will speed up recovery.

2. Coenzyme Q10

While the topic needs more extensive research, small studies have proved that taking coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) can help you beat migraines. This is a nutrient that has a strong antioxidant effect, which the human body produces naturally.

Where do you find CoQ10? You can take it in the form of supplements, but the coenzyme is also present in some foods. For example, you can increase your body’s CoQ10 levels by consuming vegetable oil, and it’s also present in various meats. The best source of this coenzyme is various coldwater fish, such as mackerel and salmon.

But if you decide to go for supplements, it’s very important to stick to the instructions. CoQ10 has some potential side effects, including digestive issues, and it can impact your blood pressure as well. You may not be able to take it if you use blood thinners or painkillers.

3. Moderate Amounts of Caffeine

Doctors say that caffeine can both treat and cause headaches.

If you have a tension headache, coffee or tea could be the solution. Caffeine can reduce inflammation, which is why it helps ease the pain. Additionally, it makes painkillers such as ibuprofen more effective than usual.

However, caffeine addiction is an important consideration. If you suddenly decrease your caffeine intake, you might experience withdrawal symptoms, which generally include a headache.

You might be wondering how much coffee is safe to drink. For most adults, the daily limit is roughly the amount of caffeine in four cups of coffee. But even if you only drink a single cup a day, quitting cold turkey might lead to headaches, so if you want to decrease your caffeine intake, you should do it gradually.

4. Ginger Root

Powdered ginger root is one of the most common natural treatments for migraines. Ginger contains antioxidants and it also has an anti-inflammatory effect on the brain. Drinking ginger tea is as effective as eating the powdered form of this root.

5. Cold Compress

One of the best ways to decrease the pain of a headache is to constrict the blood vessels in your head. Using a cold pack on your head and chest can help you achieve this. All you need to do is to fill a bag with ice, wrap it in a towel, and then press it against the area where you feel the most pain and tension.

6. Magnesium

According to the American Migraine Foundation, taking magnesium supplements every day can help prevent migraines. The recommended dosage is 400-500 milligrams a day, but you can take more than that for severe headaches. You should talk with a professional before you go for a daily regimen of magnesium supplements, as high dosages can have some unpleasant side effects.

Magnesium-rich foods also serve as natural home remedies for a headache. For example, you can make a considerable difference if you add leafy greens, avocados, bananas, black beans, nuts, seeds, and cereals to your diet. Once again, you can opt for fish such as mackerel.

7. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

This is a vitamin B that is used as a treatment for migraines, but it can help with everyday headaches too. You can take one of those vitamin B complex supplements or improve your riboflavin levels by eating eggs, yogurt, vegetables, and nuts. Beef liver is one of the best sources for this nutrient.

Note that other vitamins Bs are also an effective aid against headaches. Since the body naturally gets rid of any excess, it’s safe to take vitamin B supplements regularly.

8. Essential Oils

You already know that the scent of essential oils can have a soothing effect. For example, some people add lavender oil to their bathwater when they want to unwind after a long day.

If you’re dealing with a stress-related tension headache, lavender oil could be the best natural treatment. But experts also recommend peppermint oil and chamomile oil for the same purpose. If you have a painful sinus infection, inhaling eucalyptus oil could be the way to go.

9. Butterbur

Let’s end this lineup with an herb that has a beneficial effect on migraines and other kinds of headaches. Taking butterbur extract eases the symptoms and makes headaches less frequent. It can also help if you have hay fever.

A Final Thought

One of the best natural home remedies for a headache is simply getting enough sleep. Your headaches might come from the stress you’re exposed to daily, and interrupted sleep cycles are a frequent culprit. Getting regular exercise is also a good way to reduce the severity of your symptoms. In particular, yoga is a healthful option that could help you erase headaches in the long term.

References:

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317511.php
https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/qa/can-coenzyme-q10-treat-migraine-headaches
https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/triggers-caffeine#1
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20045678
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23657930
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322596.php
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319478.php
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-649/butterbur

Health

Common Spider Bite Symptoms and What to Watch For

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 24, 2018 Last Edited: December 21, 2018

Arch

If you notice an insect bite on your arm, one of the first thoughts you may have is to identify it. Is it from a mosquito or spider? And should you be worried about it?

Once you’re familiar with spider bites, it gets easier to identify. Generally, you can take care of spider bites with home care. However, there are some that you should watch out for.

Keep reading to find out about poisonous spiders, spider bite symptoms, and when you should seek medical attention. Get a better understanding of how to distinguish between bite types. And what environments to avoid to limit bite risks.

Are All Spider Bites the Same?

Out of 3,000 spiders that live in the United States, most of them aren’t venomous. So the likelihood of getting bitten by a venomous spider is slim.

Furthermore, spiders have small and weak fangs. If a spider did manage a bite, it is hard for them to puncture human skin. Yet, some manage to take bites out of people. The bites are generally small and itchy red wounds that heal quickly.

However, some bites are a little more serious.

Spider Bite Symptoms

You may not notice spider bites until hours after. Some common symptoms include:

red welt
swelling
skin damage

The symptoms typically stop here for harmless spider bites. However, some people may have other symptoms from a bite.

Having any of these symptoms may be indicative of a venomous spider bite. They include:

sweating
itching
rash
cramping
muscle pain
red or purple blister
pain surrounding bite area
difficulty breathing
fever
headache
vomiting
nausea
anxiety or restlessness
chills
rashes
high blood pressure
swollen lymph glands

These spider bite symptoms are a result of severe bites in which a spider injects its venom. The severity depends on different factors like:

venom amount injected
type of spider
body sensitivity to venom

Bites from dangerous spiders are relatively rare. But the risk factor increases if you live in their known habitats or if you disturb them.

Treating Spider Bites at Home

If you have a nonvenomous bite, there are a few things you can do at home to treat it.

Take an Antihistamine

Try diphenhydramine like Benadryl to soothe itching.

Clean with Soap and Water

Clean the bite area with soap and water as soon as you notice it. The bite is an open wound and susceptible to infection.

Use a Topical Antibiotic

If the bite area develops a blister, apply an antibiotic ointment to combat potential infections.

Ice the Bite

Additionally, ice pack application may help reduce some bite swelling. Apply it on and off in 10-minute increments.

Elevation

Depending on the bite location, you may also elevate the area to reduce swelling.

Spiders to Watch Out For

Most common household spiders are relatively harmless. However, watch out for these venomous spiders and their known habitats:

Black Widow Spiders

Black widow spiders are generally found in warm climates in Southern and Western United States and in secluded spaces. Only the females are toxic and their bite symptoms occur almost immediately. They include:

numbness
nausea and vomiting
restlessness
high blood pressure
muscle cramping
burning and pain around the bite mark
headache
increase in sweating and saliva

Get treatment right away if bitten by a black widow. Children and older adults are especially vulnerable.

Brown Recluse

These spiders aren’t naturally aggressive. However, they will bite if trapped against your skin. They are found mainly in the South and the East and enjoy dark, secluded spaces.

If you’re bitten by a brown recluse, you may not feel anything at first. Spider bite symptoms like itching and pain happen within 8 hours of the bite. Eventually, a purple or red ring will develop around the bite.

The symptoms may get worse without treatment and can include chills, headache, fever, and tissue death around the bitten tissue. Unfortunately, though, there’s no antidote for the bite.

Tarantula

You may be familiar with tarantulas. But did you know that their favored environment is desert climates? Tarantulas are mainly found in the Southwestern states. And they like to burrow under stones, logs, tunnels, burrows, and tree trunks.

Tarantulas aren’t aggressive, and their bites aren’t dangerous. For many people, tarantula bites are like bee stings. However, seek medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

rapid heart rate
itching
swelling
rash
trouble breathing
eyelid puffiness
low blood pressure

Hobo Spiders

The Pacific Northwest is home to the hobo spider. They like to hang out under baseboards, behind furniture, and in closets. And they attack when provoked.

The symptoms of a hobo spider bite are relatively distinctive. At first, you may feel nothing. But within 15 minutes, pain and numbness may set in. The bite site will turn red after an hour.

After eight hours, the bite progresses to become swollen and hardened. And one day after the bite, the puncture may discharge fluids. It may also turn black.

The bites are slow to heal, so seek medical attention immediately if bitten by a hobo spider.

Wolf Spider

In addition, wolf spiders are relatively common all over the United States. They may look like tarantulas but their bite is slightly different. And they are not venomous.

They like to hang around in gravel and sand. You may also encounter them in house plants and around house openings like windows and doors.

The bite symptoms include redness, pain, and swelling. And they can take up to 10 days to heal.

Prevention

One of the best ways to prevent spider bites is to avoid their preferred habitats. Also learn what the dangerous ones look like and how to spot them.

Also, wear appropriate clothing like hats, long-sleeved shirts, and long pants in socks when going into spider habitats. At home, many spiders like to lurk in garages, basements, crawl spaces, and attics. Furthermore, if you haven’t used any boots, gloves, and clothing in a while, remember to shake them out. They are favorite spider hiding places.

Final Thought

Spiders generally bite only in defense. So try to avoid provoking them. If you go into an area that venomous spiders prefer, try to take precautions and wear the appropriate clothing.

Additionally, you can help to keep them out of your home by sealing up cracks that spiders can crawl through. Install screens on doors and windows to keep them out. And use insecticides that are safe to use indoors.

Lastly, most spiders are not venomous. However, if you suspect your bite is from a venomous spider, you may want to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Especially if you know that your body is sensitive to spider venom.

References:

https://www.healthline.com/health/spider-bites
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spider-bites/symptoms-causes/syc-20352371
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4614586/

Apple Cider Vinegar for Hair – What Can It Do and What to Watch Out For

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 24, 2018 Last Edited: December 21, 2018

Arch

Apple cider vinegar is enjoying the limelight. Used for everything from weight management and health to beauty and skin care, there seems to be nothing it can’t do.

But what about using it for hair? Using new products on hair is a tricky thing. And it’s a person’s crowning glory. So, you need to be sure of its effects before you use it.

Keep reading to find out everything you need to know about apple cider vinegar. Find out how to use it. And the precautions that you may need to take before you do.

What Is It?

Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is made from fermented apples. Used as a condiment and popular health food supplement, it has other topical uses, too. ACV is often used in home remedies, though there isn’t enough scientific evidence to support claims of it being a cure-all for a variety of health problems.

There are benefits and science to back up using ACV in hair care, though.

Apple Cider Vinegar for Hair – What Can It Do?

Apple cider vinegar has different hair care applications. Its natural properties may also benefit hair if used in the right way. Some of those benefits include:

Antimicrobial

Have you used ACV as a home disinfectant? It’s popular because it’s a non-toxic alternative to household cleaners. But when used on the hair, it can help control bacteria and fungi that lead to itchiness and minor infections.

Acidity and pH

In addition, apple cider vinegar is acidic. How can this help? Healthy human hair with the right amount of oil and sebum is acidic, which keeps the cuticles healthy and safe from pollutants. But unhealthy hair tends to be alkaline and relatively high on the pH scale, the result of which may be brittle, dull, or frizzy hair.

Using an acidic substance like ACV, however, may help counteract high pH levels. So ACV can bring hair into balance and improve its health.

How to Use It

Create a simple ACV rinse by mixing a couple of tablespoons of it with water. First, shampoo and condition your hair as usual. After rinsing off the conditioner, it’s time to use the ACV rinse.

Carefully pour the mixture over your hair. Try to pour it evenly through the hair and avoid the eyes. Work the mixture into the scalp and let it sit for a few minutes. Lastly, rinse out with cool water.

Apple cider vinegar has a very strong smell. If you find that the smell is too strong for you, you may also want to add a few drops of essential oil into the ACV rinse.

The exact amount of apple cider vinegar depends on your needs. Generally, if you have dry hair, use a little less ACV. However, if you have scalp problems or oily hair, use a little more apple cider vinegar.

Wondering where to start? Start with a smaller amount of ACV and work your way up if you don’t see the results you’re looking for. For example, try 2 tablespoons mixed with water at first. But if you don’t see the results after a few rinses, you can work your way up to 4 tablespoons.

Unfortunately, the frequency also depends on the person and it’s not an exact science. So, you can try it once a week and adjust as needed.

Along with helping scalp and hair issues, using an ACV rinse may also help remove product build-up. Some experts suggest using a light conditioner after the ACV rinse and not before. However, that may not be necessary because the apple cider vinegar leaves behind a shiny finish.

Precautions

Using ACV as a rinse isn’t a miracle cure. It’s supposed to restore balance to your hair. However, everyone’s hair is different. And it’s possible to overdo it.

If you notice your scalp or hair issues getting worse, stop using apple cider vinegar rinses. You can also try lowering the frequency or the concentration of your rinses.

Furthermore, apple cider vinegar is an acid. So it’s inherently caustic and may burn or irritate the skin. Remember to dilute ACV before putting it near your skin. If, however, you develop skin irritation, it usually clears up after a few days.

In addition, use caution if you have dark hair. The acidic ACV may bring out brassy tones in dark hair. If you do have dark, you may want to start out slowly and check your hair color for changes.

Is There Research to Support ACV for Hair?

Unfortunately, there isn’t any direct research that supports using apple cider vinegar for hair. What can it do for your hair? There are studies that support some of the claims.

For example, as an acid, ACV lowers pH levels. A study reveals that the high alkalinity of shampoos can lead to hair breakage, friction, and dryness. And acidic substances like apple cider vinegar can be used to counteract high alkaline levels and balance pH levels.

Additionally, ACV research data supports its antimicrobial powers. So theoretically, it may help keep fungus and bacterial scalp problems at bay. However, there’s no definitive research or science that supports it.

Furthermore, there’s also no research that says that ACV contains vitamins. It’s a supposition because it’s derived from apples, but not enough to have health benefits. It does contain minerals like potassium and calcium. However, these minerals don’t necessarily support hair care claims.

Final Thought

Should you use apple cider vinegar for hair? What can it do for you? Despite the lack of research data to support some claims, AVC is still a good rinse option for hair care.

It may not be a miracle cure, but if used with caution, it may be an inexpensive solution to dry and brittle hair. As a natural remedy, it’s also a good option for scalp itchiness.

However, you may want to exercise caution when using it on dark hair. Like all acids, it may lighten your hair or bring out unwanted brassy tones. To be on the safe side, you may want to use a little at a time and carefully monitor your hair color before increasing the frequency.

References:

https://www.healthline.com/health/apple-cider-vinegar-hair
https://www.womenshealthmag.com/beauty/a19932717/beauty-uses-for-vinegar/
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/best-vitamins-hair-growth#section3
https://coconutsandkettlebells.com/apple-cider-vinegar-hair-rinse/
https://www.futurederm.com/3-reasons-why-baking-soda-and-apple-cider-vinegar-destroy-your-hair-and-what-to-use-instead/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158629/

Health

10 Common Causes for Sharp Pain in Breast Tissue – What Is It and What to Do About It

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 21, 2018 Last Edited: December 21, 2018

Arch

Getting a sharp pain in the breast is a relatively common occurrence for women. It may be startling. Or painful depending on the severity. But it’s rarely a cause for concern.

While getting an occasional sharp pain may be normal. Chronic pain is not, which may be indicative of a serious condition.

Listed below are some of the most common causes of sharp pain in the breast. Often times, simple home remedies can help alleviate pain.

What Is a Sharp Pain in Breast?

Mastalgia is the medical name for breast pain, which can range from tenderness when touched to a sharp pain in breast tissue. Almost 70% of women experience it to different degrees throughout their lives. However, out of that number, only 15% may require serious medical treatment for it.

The pain can range from mild to severe. And the pain may be constant or only occur occasionally. It’s more common in women who haven’t experienced menopause. However, post-menopausal women may experience it from time to time.

Common Causes

Breast pain may be hard to pinpoint. Generally, pain in the breast exhibits in one of two ways:

Cyclical: linked to the menstrual cycle, subsides during or after a period
Non-cyclical: less common, may have many possible causes including injury

Sometimes, in cases of non-cyclical pain, injury around the chest area and muscle tissue may cause pain in the breasts.

1. Hormone Changes

There are many reasons why women experience pain or tenderness in the breast area. But one of the most common causes is hormone fluctuation associated with a developmental period in a woman’s life, including:

Puberty
Pregnancy
Menopause

2. Breast Cysts

What are breast cysts? Cysts may form sometimes when the milk ducts or glands go through changes. They are fluid-filled sacs that feel like lumps when palpated. The lumps can be firm or soft.

Breast cysts may or may not cause pain, especially during a woman’s menstrual cycle. These are different from a tumor, though, and are not cancerous.

3. Breast Surgery

In addition, having breast surgery may also lead to long-term breast pain. The severity of the pain may vary depending on the individual.

4. Medications

Certain medications may also cause breast pain in some women. These types of medications are linked to breast pain:

Some cardiovascular treatments
Some mental health treatments
Drugs that impact the reproductive hormones

Other drugs that may affect the breast area include:

Infertility treatments
Diuretics
Anadrol

Speak to your healthcare provider if you suspect one of your medications may be the cause.

5. Fibrocystic Changes in Breasts

If a woman has a buildup of cysts and fibrous tissue, they may undergo fibrocystic changes and cause one or both breasts to get swollen, tender, or lumpy from the underlying tissue. In addition, there may also be nipple discharge.

It’s relatively common in women between 20 and 50 years of age and is harmless. Nor is it linked to a higher risk for breast cancer.

Adopting a low-salt diet and taking over-the-counter medication for the pain can help reduce some discomfort.

6. Costochondritis

This condition isn’t related to the breasts itself. However, the pain may be confused with breast pain. It happens when the cartilage that connects the breastbone and ribs is inflamed. Arthritis sufferers may also develop this condition.

7. Poorly Fitted Bra

Improperly fitted bras may also cause breast pain. Bras that are too loose or too tight can leave them improperly supported or compressed. Correcting the fit can help with breast pain.

8. Mastitis

Breastfeeding women are usually no stranger to this condition. It’s caused by a clogged milk duct and is most common to nursing women. It can, however, happen at other times, too. Watch for these symptoms:

Tiredness
Aches
Fever
Breast changes including redness, swelling, warmth, or pain

Women with this condition can take antibiotics to treat it.

9. Breast Cancer

According to experts, breast pain is not usually linked to breast cancer. However, women should still contact their doctor if they have any of the following symptoms:

Lump or pain that doesn’t subside after menstruation
Lump or other concern in the breast area
Nipple discharge
Breast pain that doesn’t go away and has an unknown cause
Other symptoms like pus, fever, or redness

A doctor may schedule diagnostic tests if the pain is centralized in one area. Also, if the pain is consistent and doesn’t fluctuate in a month’s time, you may need to be tested. Diagnostic tests may include:

Ultrasound
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Mammogram
Biopsy

The results can help the doctor determine if the breast pain is due to breast cancer.

10. Sprain or Injury

Can sprains or injury in other parts of your body cause breast pain? Yes, but it depends on other factors. Sprains that occur in the shoulders, back or neck may cause pain in the breast area. This is due to the way nerves are distributed in the upper torso.

In addition, chest wall pain may also travel and give women pain in the breast area. Some chest wall pain causes may include:

Angina
Gallstones
Pulled muscle
Inflammation of tissue around ribs

Chest wall pain is distinctive because it gets intense under pressure and may seem to spread down the arm. So it may be simple to check if that is the reason for the breast pain.

Treatment

Treatment options depend on whether the sharp pain in breast tissue is due to cyclical or noncyclical reasons. However, for cyclical pain, women can try the following treatments:

Calcium supplements
Reducing sodium intake
When pain is at its worst, wear a supportive bra for 24-hours
Take estrogen blockers
Try oral contraceptives
Over-the-counter pain relief medications

For noncyclical pain, women need to consult with their doctor to determine the cause of pain and treatment options.

Final Thought

Breast pain may be alarming for anyone. But for many women, it’s a fact of life and usually tied to their menstrual cycle. However, that’s not the only cause of breast pain.

If you have noncyclical pain, it’d be a good idea to consult with your doctor to determine the cause. Most of the time, it’s not a serious condition and not linked to breast cancer. But it’s better to be safe, just in case.

References:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20350423
https://www.healthline.com/symptom/breast-pain
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311833.php
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-pain/

Health

Sleep Interrupted: Leg Cramps at Night and What You Can Do

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 21, 2018 Last Edited: December 21, 2018

Arch

You’ve had a rough day. Imagine lying down at the end of the day. Relaxation is almost upon you when your leg seizes into a terrible cramp.

Nocturnal cramps in the leg can hit you at any time. And these muscle spasms can be so intense that it leaves some people paralyzed until it subsides. Your first instinct may be to stretch out the muscle, but you feel unable to move.

Keep reading to find out what causes nocturnal leg cramps. And more importantly, if there is a way to prevent it from happening again.

What Causes Leg Cramps at Night?

Nocturnal leg cramps can happen to anyone at any time. Up to 60% of adults may experience leg cramps at night. And it can lead to severe insomnia because of interrupted sleep or anxiety about sleeping at night.

Nocturnal leg cramps normally occur in the calf muscle. Both muscles contract from the back of the leg from the knee to the ankle. Occasionally, cramps happen in other parts of the leg, too. The hamstrings, quads, and even feet may be affected.

Causes

Experts aren’t sure what causes leg cramps, but they think that it may be associated with muscle fatigue and nerve dysfunction.

According to the Mayo Clinic, nocturnal leg cramps may also be associated with different conditions. Diabetic nerve damage and kidney failure are both known to cause leg cramps. Medical conditions linked to nocturnal leg cramps are:

Anemia
Acute kidney failure
Chronic kidney disease
Peripheral artery disease
Cirrhosis
Spinal stenosis
Diabetes, type 1 and type 2
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism

Furthermore, some medications and procedures may cause nocturnal leg cramps:

Dialysis
Blood pressure drugs
Diuretics
Oral contraceptives
Cholesterol-lowering drugs

Other conditions linked to leg cramps also include:

Parkinson’s disease
Diarrhea
Dehydration
Pregnancy
Osteoarthritis

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is sometimes confused with nocturnal leg cramps. But they are not the same. Pain is not one of the main symptoms for restless leg syndrome.

The risk of getting nighttime leg cramps increases as a person gets older. And women are more likely to have an episode of leg cramps than men.

Some lifestyle choices may contribute to nighttime leg cramps:

Crossing the legs with toes pointed for long periods
Overexerting muscles
Sedentary lifestyle
Standing for too long

Nocturnal leg cramps may be associated with foot positioning. While relaxing or sleeping, most people position their feet and legs away from their body. When the toes point away in plantar flexion, it may shorten your calf muscles and make you more susceptible to leg cramps.

Prevention Tips

Nighttime leg cramps are unpredictable. But there are a few things you can try to lower the likelihood of having them. Try these 6 tips to avoid nighttime cramps:

1 – Stay hydrated

Fluids help muscles in the body function. So, try to drink plenty of fluids throughout the day.

2 – Loosen up leg muscles

Loosening up leg muscles before bed may help lower the risk of getting nighttime leg cramps. Try cycling on a stationary bike for a couple of minutes before bed.

3 – Stretch leg muscles before bed

Stretching before bed may help reduce the severity and frequency of nighttime leg cramps.

4 – Wear supportive footwear

Wearing poor footwear can make pre-existing issues in the feet and legs worse. People with flat feet should pay extra attention to their footwear.

5 – Sleep on your back

Some sleep positions can increase the risk of getting nighttime leg cramps. Sleeping in positions where your feet point downward may increase the risk. Instead, try sleeping on your back with pillow support under the knees.

6 – Change your bedding type

Sleeping in tucked-in or heavy bedding could impact your legs. This type of bedding could push the feet downward. Instead, try to change bedding type to untucked loose sheets and a light comforter.

Leg Cramp Treatment and Care

Nighttime leg cramps can last between a few seconds to 10 minutes. While it may be excruciating, generally someone doesn’t need medical attention afterward. However, there are a few things you can do to relieve the cramp:

Use Heat

Try a hot water bottle, hot towel, or heating pad to tight muscles. It may help soothe it. Showers or warm baths may also soothe tight muscles.

Pickle Juice

Pickle juice can help with muscle cramps. There is some evidence that point to drinking a small amount for relief.

Stretching

Stretching out a cramped muscle may be one of the most common treatments. For leg cramps, try to straighten out your leg. Flex your foot so that the top of your toes are pointing towards you.

Heel Walking

Walking on your heels activates the muscle in front of your leg, opposite your calf. And doing this may help your leg relax. However, if leg cramps happen in your thighs, this technique may not help.

Over-the-Counter Painkillers

Try brands like Advil, Motrin, and Aleve to relieve lingering tenderness after a cramp. The first two are ibuprofen while the last one is naproxen. Tylenol or acetaminophen may also work. If these common brand painkillers aren’t available, you may have to look for other types of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) painkillers.

Chronic sleep disruptions due to nighttime leg cramps may require a doctor visit. Make an appointment with your healthcare professional. You may receive a prescription for muscle relaxants to help with cramp prevention. Or your doctor can run tests to find out if your leg cramps are because of an underlying condition.

Final Thought

Nighttime cramps can happen at any time. And there is no exact cause for them. However, there are certain conditions and triggers that may increase the risk of cramps at night.

Getting leg cramps can be painful and annoying. They can disrupt sleep if they’re chronic, too. Unfortunately, unless there is an underlying medical condition that’s causing the cramps, there is not much a doctor can do about it.

Lastly, prevention tips can help minimize the risk of nocturnal leg cramps. Try stretching or loosening up leg muscles before bed. And if you do get cramps, take care of yourself by applying heat or taking some over-the-counter medication for the pain.

References:

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14170-leg-cramps-at-night
https://www.healthline.com/health/leg-cramps-at-night
https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/definition/sym-20050813
https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/conditions/leg-cramps
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0815/p350.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1836955312700681
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19997012
https://www.healthline.com/health/plantar-flexion

Health

What Do Hemorrhoids Look Like

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 20, 2018 Last Edited: December 19, 2018

Arch

With a prevalence of 4.4% in the US, hemorrhoids fall under the category of frequently occurring disorders. The symptoms of this issue can range from mild to severe, but it’d require professional assessment regardless of the severity.

But how does one know if one has hemorrhoids? Since the symptoms resemble those of other gastrointestinal disorders, making the distinction between them is very important.

Internal vs. External Hemorrhoids

In a sense, every person has hemorrhoids. These normal structures are present in the lowest segment of the rectum and anus. These clusters of veins lie beneath the mucous membranes and are not considered an issue until they become enlarged. This is why the more appropriate way to describe this issue is swollen hemorrhoids, or piles.

Hemorrhoids can be internal or external. These types present themselves in different ways, so it might not always be possible to notice them. Let’s take a look at the differences between them.

What Do Internal Hemorrhoids Look Like?

Internal hemorrhoids can be found on the inside of the rectum, close enough to the anus to be visible from the outside. Structurally, they resemble varicose veins and are almost completely painless. The reason for this is that there are very few pain receptors in this area.

The only symptom a person may notice is bleeding. The blood should be bright red in most cases, but sometimes regular-colored. Dark blood coming from the anus is a sign that something might be wrong with the upper part of the gastrointestinal system.

Another thing that can happen is prolapsing of the internal hemorrhoids. In this case, hemorrhoids protrude outside the anal sphincter and can be felt by hand. Pain is often the accompanying symptom, which reaches its peak during and after bowel movements. Prolapsed hemorrhoids can either go back inside on their own or be pushed inside.

What Do External Hemorrhoids Look Like?

External hemorrhoids appear under the skin surrounding the anus. This area has quite a lot of pain-sensing nerves, so pain is more frequent and usually more severe. In addition, straining during bowel movements can cause serious bleeding.

Sometimes, blood clots can form inside both internal and external hemorrhoids. This is referred to as a thrombosed hemorrhoid, and in this situation, external hemorrhoids can have a blueish or purple color. Thrombosed hemorrhoids can cause quite a number of issues, as they can hurt and itch badly, even after bowel movements. The blood clot can also dissolve, in which case the leftover skin stays in the hemorrhoid’s place and can become easily irritated and cause further issues.

External hemorrhoids are much easier to diagnose than internal since they’re often clearly visible. The symptoms of external hemorrhoids often resolve within a couple of days, but they can persist for longer. This is when medical attention would be needed.

Now that we’ve established a difference in the way internal and external hemorrhoids look and feel, we should do the same for different stages of this disorder.

Hemorrhoids by Stages

There are four stages of hemorrhoids. Each stage presents different symptoms, during which the hemorrhoids have a different look and feel to them. Determining the exact stage of the hemorrhoids helps the doctor find the most appropriate remedy. Even though it should be done by a professional, everyone can estimate the state of their hemorrhoids by following the classification below:

Stage I – Stage I hemorrhoids are minor inflammations that can only be found inside the anal canal. They can’t be seen or felt by hand. Common symptoms include bleeding and mild discomfort during bowel movements.
Stage II – The hemorrhoids grow larger and can cause more discomfort, but they are often painless. They can protrude during bowel movements but should get back inside the anal canal on their own immediately after.
Stage III – Referred to as prolapsed hemorrhoids, they stay outside the anus. They can be felt by hand and can sometimes cause pain during and after bowel movements. They don’t go back inside on their own and need to be pushed back.
Stage IV – Hemorrhoids stay outside the anus indefinitely. Can’t be pushed back manually and often require surgery, as other treatments are ineffective.

The stages don’t just define the look and feel of the hemorrhoids. Their identification assists in finding the fitting treatment.

For example, stage I hemorrhoids can often be cured by simple lifestyle changes, including a fiber-rich diet and exercise. Symptoms of stage II and III hemorrhoids can be managed by OTC (Over-The-Counter) medications in the form of creams, pads, or painkillers. Around 10 % of sufferers will end up having Stage IV hemorrhoids, for which surgical treatment is necessary.

When to Visit a Doctor

Even though hemorrhoids are fairly harmless in most cases, they might result in some severe complications. This is why it’s important to identify them as soon as possible since there’s a much higher chance curing them without the need for surgical procedures or long-term lifestyle changes.

One should visit a doctor if one notices anal bleeding, as this is the most common symptom of all hemorrhoids. Blood spots or traces can be noticed on toilet paper after bowel movements. Sometimes, however, the bleeding can be more profuse, and if it keeps happening, it’s necessary to seek help, as this can lead to anemia.

Other signs that point out to a need for medical attention are constant pain of varying intensity, feeling the need for bowel movements even when there’s nothing there, and itchiness that doesn’t go away with OTC solutions. If there are external hemorrhoids present, or if the internal ones have protruded, a rubbery lump can be felt around and on the anus.

The Final Word

Hemorrhoids can appear in various forms. The effect that they can have on a person’s health can range from discomfort to serious, even life-threatening complications.

For this reason, seeking medical advice from a professional is recommended even if the symptoms don’t appear to be serious. The sooner hemorrhoids are discovered, the easier it will be to get rid of them. On the other hand, those that have had them for a while and those suffering from late-stage hemorrhoids should seek medical help as soon as possible.

References:

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/0016-5085(90)90828-O/pdf
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/4090-detecting-and-treating-diseases-of-the-colon-and-rectum
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/varicose-veins
https://www.iffgd.org/symptoms-causes/alarm-symptoms.html
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320407.php
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16405552
www.nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/h/article/haemorrhoids/?print=1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24881480
http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Anemia/

Dance Therapy for Fibromyalgia

Written By: Holly Case

Published Date: December 20, 2018 Last Edited: December 20, 2018

John

Finding relief for your fibromyalgia can be a challenge. Although doctors will often prescribe medications to give you fibromyalgia relief, that is usually only part of a broader range of treatment therapies. Most fibro sufferers need to have a list of potential therapies that they use in combination. Dance therapy is one of the more unconventional treatments you might want in your arsenal. Here’s how dance therapy may help you get some relief.

The Benefits of Movement

Exercise and movement are great for any chronic pain patients. It may seem like exercise could cause more pain for people who already experience a lot of pain. But the result is actually the complete opposite. It can seem like it’s counterintuitive, but regular exercise has a lot of pain-relieving benefits.

Some of the physical benefits of exercise include the following:

Improved flexibility, which can help loosen tight or tense muscles
Increased range of motion, which can make it less painful to do daily activities
Increased muscle strength
Improved coordination and balance, which can prevent falls
You may lose weight, which can put less pressure on your joints

The best exercises are often those which you’ll actually do on a regular basis. In that regard, dance therapy can be a great choice: it’s so much fun that you may hardly notice that you’re also getting a good workout at the same time.

Mood-Boosting Endorphins

Exercise has benefits for both the mind and the body. Dance therapy, like other types of exercise, has great advantages to promote mental health. Dancing reduces anxiety, helps you to cope more easily with worry. It also produces feel-good chemicals in the brain called endorphins. You may be familiar with the concept from terms like a “runner’s high.” But you don’t need to run or do other high-intensity forms of exercise to get all the good results for your mental health.

Dance therapy has other positive effects on mental health as well. It helps to alleviate depression. It also boosts stress reduction, which can ultimately lead to less pain. Because stress can lead to physical pain, especially in fibromyalgia patients, reducing stress can also reduce pain.

One-on-One vs. Group Dance Lessons

If you don’t know much about dance therapy, you may not be aware that you have multiple different options available. The number of options available can depend on the size of the area where you live, the number of local people with fibromyalgia, and whether or not there are trained dance therapists.

Many people with fibromyalgia have to stay at home a lot and might enjoy more opportunities to be social. For these people, group dance therapy classes can be fun and helpful. Group dance therapy classes can vary in size. Small groups may only include two or three people, while large groups can contain up to 20 participants. This can feel like an enjoyable, social way to get your exercise, which may make you more likely to keep attending classes.

Individual dance therapy is a good option for people who may need more one-on-one attention. Some people with fibromyalgia may have poor coordination or balance and may need more direct assistance. Others may feel self-conscious or anxious in group settings and would prefer the comparative relative privacy of individual work with an instructor. One-on-one classes can also progress at your own pace, depending on your strength and stamina.

How to Find Dance Therapy for Fibromyalgia

Dance therapy for fibromyalgia may be a well-kept secret in your town. Chances are that you won’t see any billboards for dance therapy along the highway, for example. But if you ask around and put in a little bit of legwork, you may be able to find such opportunities where you live.

A good place to start your search is by asking around at your local hospital or even your doctor’s office. Hospitals often allow therapy groups to meet on their property if they are affiliated with the group, or they may know where such groups meet in your community.

Also, consider calling your local YMCA or community recreation facility. Local fitness groups are sometimes organized through the YMCA and community centers.

If there isn’t any existing dance therapy option for fibromyalgia, consider contacting local dance instructors and ask if they would be willing to develop either a group class or provide one-on-one instruction.

Health

What Causes Dandruff?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 20, 2018 Last Edited: December 19, 2018

Arch

Dandruff is a very common skin condition that affects almost half of the world’s population. In a majority of cases, it’s harmless and doesn’t cause issues beyond itchiness and discomfort.

Despite this, people suffering from this condition often go out of their way to get rid of it. Depending on the amount and size of the flakes, dandruff can be quite embarrassing to many. And since it’s a chronic condition, many people find it hard to manage.

The main reason for this is a lack of knowledge about the causes of dandruff. Since there are a few of them, the same remedies won’t yield equal results to everyone. This is why understanding what causes dandruff is essential to overcoming it.

Main Causes of Dandruff

Generally speaking, dandruff is caused by scalp skin shedding too fast. Skin shedding is a normal and healthy process as dead cells are replaced by the new ones. However, if this process occurs at a faster rate than it should, the skin cells clump and form white flakes.

There are multiple underlying causes of this process. Let’s see what they are and the possible treatment for each of them.

Seborrheic Dermatitis

Seborrheic Dermatitis is an inflammatory disease that’s usually localized the head and trunk. This is because sebaceous glands are present in abundance in these regions, and it’s these glands that are in charge of producing an oily substance that lubricates the skin. But they can also act up and cause seborrheic dermatitis.

Even though the cause of this disorder isn’t well-understood, experts agree that there are several factors that play a role:

Hormonal changes
Harsh chemicals and soaps
Stress
Certain medications
Dry weather

There isn’t a specific way of diagnosing seborrheic dermatitis. Instead, physical examination of skin and skin biopsy are used to rule out the other disorders that present themselves in a similar fashion. After the diagnosis has been made, there are several treatment options.

In most cases, alternately using a regular shampoo and a medicated shampoo formulated for the condition should solve the problem. In more serious cases however, topical corticosteroids might be necessary. In cases where corticosteroids can’t be used, non-steroidal topicals will be given.

Malassezia

Malassezia is a group of yeasts that can be found in the skin of almost all warm-blooded animals. They’re an essential part of skin microbiota, and on their own, they aren’t necessarily an issue. However, this group of yeasts has been associated with a variety of skin conditions, including dandruff.

Our skin is completely covered in bacteria and fungi. The interactions between these microorganisms determine whether Malassezia will cause skin disorders or not. Separating it from the rest of the skin flora is an extremely challenging task, which is why there’s currently no concrete knowledge about the way these interactions occur.

What is known, however, is that Malassezia causes excess growth of skin cells, thereby speeding up the process of skin shedding, which results in dandruff.

As far as treatment goes, antifungals are the obvious solution. However, the goal of such medications isn’t to eradicate Malassezia, as it’s still a healthy part of the skin microbiota. Instead, the remedy should only keep it under control long enough for the symptoms of dandruff to go away, after which the skin flora balance should be restored.

Dry Skin

Much like oily skin can cause dandruff, dry skin can as well. Also known as xerosis, dry skin is among the most common causes of dandruff. As to why this might happen, there’s a variety of causes, including:

Heat
Dry weather, low humidity
Hot showers
Harsh hair products
Other skin conditions

Dandruff is only one of the possible results of dry skin. There are several other complications which might either feel like dandruff or develop into something more serious, such as a variety of infections. When the skin is dry, it tends to crack, which allows the fungus and bacteria that live in it to enter the body.

Fortunately, this doesn’t happen often, and there are many ways of dealing with dry skin, depending on the cause. One of the main ones is using a moisturizing shampoo while washing the hair with cold to medium-hot water.

Another possible solution is taking more vitamin B since it promotes healthy skin. If dry skin becomes a serious issue that doesn’t seem to go away, a visit to the doctor might be a good idea.

Scalp Psoriasis

Scalp psoriasis is a skin condition that can be completely harmless, but it can also develop into a more serious issue. The cause of skin psoriasis is related to immune system issues, where skin cells grow too quickly and form patches.

Not only does skin psoriasis cause flakes that look a lot like dandruff, but it can also make a person more susceptible to it. Moreover, it makes the issue even worse, so treatment might be more complex.

Among the most effective remedies for scalp psoriasis are topicals, such as salicylic acid. This medication is used to treat a majority of skin conditions where an overgrowth of skin cells is present, so it’s a very effective treatment option for dandruff.

If the problem persists for a long time and doesn’t respond to several treatment options, outpatient treatment might be necessary. Depending on the severity of the issue, the patient might undergo steroid injections, as well as laser or non-laser phototherapy. The options are reserved for the most serious of cases, and a majority of scalp psoriasis sufferers resolve the issue with over-the-counter solutions or prescription medication.

The Final Word

These are the most common reasons behind dandruff. Of course, there are more of them, but the above issues are the ones affecting the majority of people that have dandruff issues.

Anti-dandruff shampoos are often all that is needed for this issue to go away. They contain a variety of ingredients that target different issues, so consulting an expert before buying one is recommended. As for the other treatment options, the best remedy will depend on the underlying cause, so a visit to the doctor is a good idea, even if the symptoms aren’t serious.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3129121/
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0501/p2703.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/sebaceous-gland
https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/treatment/topicals/
https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/treatments/topicals/non-steroid
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150108144744.htm
https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/malassezia-infections/
https://jcm.asm.org/content/55/6/1883
https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/dry-sweaty-skin/dry-skin
https://aestheticsjournal.com/feature/vitamins-in-skincare
https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/hair-and-scalp-problems/scalp-psoriasis
https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607072.html
http://jprsolutions.info/files/final-file-584165e74a04e3.20412966.pdf

Health

What Causes Numbness in Right Arm?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 19, 2018 Last Edited: December 19, 2018

Arch

Numbness in your right arm can happen for a wide variety of reasons. Usually, it can be written off to inactivity and uncomfortable sleeping positions. It can also be caused by vitamin B-12 deficiency.

Sometimes, numbness in your right arm is a sign of carpal tunnel syndrome. However, aside from CTS, multiple sclerosis, cervical radiculopathy, and peripheral neuropathy are also known to cause numbness in hands, forearms, and upper arms.

Also, diseases and conditions such as diabetes, blood clots, varicose veins, obesity, and rheumatoid arthritis can cause nerve damage and numbness. Keep reading for a thorough analysis of the causes of numbness in right arm.

Poor Circulation and Lack of Movement

Sometimes, the numbness in your right arm can happen as a result of a lack of movement or poor circulation. If you have held your right arm in one position over a prolonged period of time, it might go numb and (or) start to tingle. Commonly, this happens if you had your hands behind your back while lying on your back or if you slept in an uncomfortable position.

If a lack of movement is the cause of numbness, you should start moving your right arm slowly. This will allow the blood to start flowing through the arm and to its nerves.

However, if poor circulation is causing numbness and/or tingling, it might mean that you are suffering from one of the following diseases and conditions:

Blood clots. Blood clots or thrombus can form virtually anywhere in your body, including your right arm. They are tiny clumps of blood that can be life-threatening if they reach your heart or brain. When they are stationary, they aren’t that much of a threat, but once they break off and start moving through veins and arteries, they can cause a lot of damage.
Varicose veins. These are thick veins, visible under your skin. Blood doesn’t move through them as well as healthy veins, which can cause a variety of problems. If they’re found in your right arm, they can also cause numbness.
Peripheral artery disease. It is caused by the narrowing of arteries which, in turn, diminishes blood flow to your extremities. Reduced blood flow can cause numbness.
Diabetes. Diabetes can cause poor circulation, as it can potentially damage your blood vessels. And blood vessels with reduced ability to circulate blood can cause numbness.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (also referred to as CTS) is one of the most common causes of pain, tingling, and numbness in your hands and forearms (it can happen on either side). The syndrome is caused by an irritation or compression of the median nerve which passes through the carpal tunnel, a passageway located on the palm side of your wrists.

There are many causes of CTS, most common of which include:

Wrist fracture
Obesity
Diabetes
Other chronic illnesses
Repetitive hand motions
Fluid retention
Rheumatoid arthritis

CTS is usually treated with corticosteroids, NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and wrist splints (used to fix the wrist in one position). Also, in cases of severe CTS or if the other treatments aren’t effective, surgery is used to relieve the symptoms.

Cervical Radiculopathy

Cervical radiculopathy, also known as pinched nerve, is another common cause of numbness in right arm. It is commonly caused by irritated neck nerves. A range of injuries and aging can cause a herniated or bulging intervertebral disk. The most common symptoms include:

Tingling and numbness in fingers, hand, and arm
Loss of sensation in fingers, hand, and arm
Muscle weakness in hand, arm, and shoulder

Typically, symptoms of cervical radiculopathy go away on their own in a matter of days or weeks. However, if they persist, your doctor might prescribe one or a combination of the following: NSAIDs, physical therapy, steroid injections, surgical collar, and oral corticosteroids. If the non-invasive treatments fail, surgery might be in order.

Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disease that damages the nerves and their insulating covers in the brain and spinal cord. It is another common cause of numbness and/or tingling in your right arm. The numbness and tingling can also affect other parts of your body if you suffer from MS. Symptoms might include:

Tremor
Fatigue
Pain and tingling in different parts of the body
Double vision
Dizziness
Slurred speech
Loss of vision, total or partial
Weakness and numbness in arms (commonly affects only one side)

At the moment, there is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. Instead, the treatments are designed to manage the symptoms and impede the progress of the disease.

In addition, patients suffering from MS are usually prescribed a balanced diet and exercise.

Peripheral Neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy is caused by damage to the peripheral nerves in your body. Its most common symptoms include tingling, burning, or stabbing pain in hands, arms, feet, and legs. Numbness may also occur. Typically, the symptoms start in the hands and feet and progress up to the arms and legs.

Many illnesses and conditions may cause peripheral neuropathy. The most common ones include alcoholism, kidney and liver diseases, connective tissue disease, diabetes, trauma, spider and insect bites, tumor, infections, alcoholism, and autoimmune diseases.

As it is often caused by other diseases and conditions, treatment of peripheral neuropathy is often conducted in conjunction with that of the underlying disease or condition. Peripheral neuropathy-specific drugs might include various antidepressants, NSAIDs and other OTC pain relieving drugs, as well as anti-seizure drugs.

Vitamin B Deficiency

In some cases, a lack of vitamin B-12 can cause nerve damage. In turn, the damaged nerves might cause your right arm to tingle and grow numb. Typically, you will first get vitamin shots. If that fails, you might get supplements, to be taken over a period of time. To keep the level of vitamin B-12 at a proper level, make sure you eat enough seafood, milk and dairy products, poultry, eggs, and meat.

Conclusion

While certainly unpleasant and potentially frightening, numbness in right arm is often a result of a momentary reduction in blood flow. Apart from inactivity, it can be caused by a host of other health problems and conditions.

If you feel numbness in your right arm, simply stretching your arms should be enough to get the blood flowing and regain sensation. In case the numbness persists and/or is accompanied by stabbing pain, crawling sensation, or burning pain, you should go see a doctor.

References

https://www.massgeneral.org/ortho-hand/conditions-treatments/numbness_and_tingling.aspx
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/blood-clots/
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/varicose-veins/symptoms-causes/syc-20350643
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4005-carpal-tunnel-syndrome
https://www.nationalmssociety.org/What-is-MS/Definition-of-MS
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/

Health

What Do Flea Bites Look Like?

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 19, 2018 Last Edited: December 18, 2018

Arch

Fleas are tiny, wingless parasites that attack both humans and animals. They are parasitic and feed off the blood of their host. Mostly, they are harmless, though some species can transmit deadly diseases.

Flea bite marks usually appear within the first hour of the bite and can easily be mistaken for mosquito bites. Commonly, they cause itching, rashes, and swollen skin. Most often, the bite marks will disappear without treatment. However, sometimes an infection or allergic reaction might occur. Read on if you want to find out what do flea bites look like and how to treat them.

Fleas 101

Fleas are tiny insects from the order of Siphonaptera. They can’t fly and they lead parasitic lives, feeding off the blood of their hosts. The hosts include dogs, cats, other mammals, birds, and humans. Fully grown, they measure up to 3mm in size. Despite their minute size, fleas are fantastic jumpers as they can cover a distance of about 50 times their size in a single bound.

Fleas feed by piercing their host’s skin and sucking their blood. Flea larvae resemble worms and they feed by chewing organic waste. Among the over 2,500 known species, the majority of them specialize in one type of hosts and very few species are able to feed off a variety of hosts.

Though mostly harmless to humans, some flea species can transmit deadly diseases, such as bubonic plague, typhus, bartonellosis, flea tapeworm, and others.

What Do Flea Bites Look Like?

They commonly appear as little red bumps. They can also have a red circle (or halo) around the center. It is not uncommon to see them grouped in clusters of three or four, or in a straight line. If a bitten person is allergic, they may develop rashes, hives, or other allergic reactions.

In humans, flea bites most commonly occur on feet, ankles, and the lower parts of the legs. These are the most vulnerable parts, due to their proximity to the ground. That said, flea bites can occur anywhere else on the body. Other common places include the head (portions covered with hair). In domestic animals, they can be found all over their bodies.

Apart from itching, the common symptoms of flea bites include hives, swollen skin around the bite, haloed red spots, and rashes.

Why Do They Itch?

When it lands on your skin and starts to feed, the flea produces saliva which acts as an anticoagulant, preventing your blood from clotting and closing the wound. This allows the flea to take its time and drink as much blood as it needs.

After the meal, the flea leaves some traces of saliva around the bite mark. Your body identifies the remaining saliva as a foreign substance and warns your immune system. In turn, the alarmed immune system will ramp up the production of histamine.

The release of extra histamine will cause the bite to turn red and start itching. If you fail to resist the urge and begin to scratch the bite, you might make the bumps bleed and risk a secondary infection. Common symptoms of infection include fever, redness, swollen lymph nodes, pain, and red streaks.

Mosquito, Bed Bug, or Flea Bites?

Mosquitoes feed in a similar fashion and also use saliva as an anticoagulant. Their bites leave itchy red bumps, as well. However, the main difference between mosquito and flea bites is that flea bite marks don’t expand when you scratch them. Also, flea bite marks tend to be slightly smaller in diameter.

Bites from bed bugs also look very similar to mosquito and flea bites. They appear as firm red bumps on your skin. They are similar in size, as well. However, they tend to appear in straight lines, while flea bites are more often grouped in little clusters. Bed bug bites can appear literally anywhere on the body, while flea bites are most often found on ankles and feet.

Another major distinction is that bed bug bite marks may appear several days after the bite and become itchier as the days pass. On the other hand, flea bites start to itch right away and the marks appear within 60 minutes.

Allergic Reactions

The human body reacts to the bites of mosquitoes, bed bugs, fleas, and all other insects. However, due to being frequently exposed to mosquito bites, most people develop an immunity to their bites rather quickly.

On the other hand, flea and bed bug bites are less common, so a portion of the population might experience an allergic reaction. This type of reaction occurs when the body reacts too harshly to flea saliva and starts producing far more histamine than it actually needs. Apart from humans, some animals can also experience allergic reactions to flea bites.

The common symptoms of an allergic reaction to flea bites include shortness of breath, dizziness, swollen tongue and/or lips, chest pain, wheezing, and nausea. It is recommended to contact your doctor as soon as you notice the symptoms.

How do You Get Fleas?

The most common way of getting fleas is through pets, usually through dogs and cats (cat flea, also known as Ctenocephalides felis, is the most common flea species in the United States). You can easily tell when your pets have fleas, as they start scratching and licking the affected areas of their skin more often than usual. However, fleas can infest homes without pets, too.

You can also get fleas from outside animals. Fleas can live in the grass in your or your neighbor’s backyard, as well. It is not uncommon for kids to pick up fleas in kindergarten or school and bring them home.

How to Treat Flea Bites?

Similar to a regular mosquito bite, a flea bite will typically go away on its own. If you want to, you can buy over-the-counter soothing creams and lotions. First wash the bitten areas to diminish the possibility of infection and then apply the cream (or lotion). If the itching doesn’t stop, you can try an oral antihistamine.

Final Thoughts

Flea bites are similar in appearance to mosquito and bed bug bites. Most commonly, they are concentrated around the feet and ankles and tend to go away on their own. However, topical creams and ointments might be applied to relieve the itch.

You shouldn’t scratch the bites to avoid the risk of secondary infections. Also, if you get an allergic reaction, you should immediately contact your doctor.

References:

https://www.cdc.gov/plague/transmission/index.html
https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Typhus.aspx
https://www.cdc.gov/bartonella/transmission/index.html
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dipylidium/faqs.html

Health

Walking Pneumonia Symptoms

Written By: Arch

Published Date: December 18, 2018 Last Edited: December 19, 2018

Arch

If you’ve ever experienced dry cough, sore throat, or mild fever which lasted several weeks, you have most likely been affected by one of several types of walking pneumonia.

Walking pneumonia, also known as atypical pneumonia, affects a large number of people in the country every year. Many of its forms are mild enough to go away on their own. However, legionella pneumonia (commonly known as legionnaires’ disease) can be deadly if left unchecked.

On average, children are more likely to be affected by walking pneumonia, the vast majority of the cases are the chlamydial and mycoplasma types.

Walking pneumonia, though usually not as dangerous as the regular pneumonia, is still treated with the same caution. Read on to find out more about walking pneumonia symptoms.

What Is Walking Pneumonia

In a nutshell, walking pneumonia is a bacterial disease, an infection of the lower and upper respiratory tract. Most often, patients suffering from walking pneumonia experience symptoms similar to the full-blown pneumonia, only milder.

Walking Pneumonia is also called atypical pneumonia, due to the fact that it can’t be treated with penicillin. As many as two million people are affected by the disease annually in the United States.

Types of Walking Pneumonia

Three basic types of walking pneumonia exist – chlamydial pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, and legionella pneumonia. Here’s a word or two about each type.

Chlamydial pneumonia. This type is most spread in crowded settings. People usually get chlamydial pneumonia for the first time when they were kids in schools and kindergartens. It is somewhat less likely to be found among adults. It is caused by the Chlamydophila pneumoniae bacteria and is accompanied by mild symptoms. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 300,000 people are affected by chlamydial pneumonia every year.
Mycoplasma Pneumonia. This variety of walking pneumonia is, according to the CDC, the most common type of atypical pneumonia among school kids in the United States. It is caused by the Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria and is characterized by very mild symptoms. 2-10% of all community-acquired pneumonia cases in the US are caused by Mycoplasma Pneumoniae.
Legionella pneumonia (legionnaires’ disease). This is among the most dangerous types of atypical (walking) pneumonia, as it can cause respiratory failure and even death. Unlike the other types of walking pneumonia, this one’s not transmitted through direct contact but contaminated water systems. Typically, it affects people over 40 (older adults), individuals with a weakened immune system, and patients suffering from chronic illnesses. According to the CDC, there are around 5,000 cases of legionella pneumonia in the US every year.

There are other types of bacteria which can cause atypical (walking) pneumonia. Some of them include Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, and Chlamydophila psittaci.

How It Differs from Pneumonia

Symptoms of walking pneumonia are always milder than those of pneumonia. Dry cough and low fever accompany walking pneumonia, as opposed to high fever, cough with mucus, breathing difficulties characteristic of pneumonia. Walking pneumonia can only be caused by bacteria, while pneumonia can also be caused by fungi and viruses.

Many times, walking pneumonia goes untreated, as the majority of people find its symptoms bearable enough. However, walking pneumonia often lasts longer than the regular one, as the symptoms might be present for up to six weeks.

Walking Pneumonia Symptoms

Walking pneumonia, depending on the type, may have a wide variety of symptoms. Depending on the strength of the patient’s immune system and the severity of the infection, these symptoms can range from mild to severe. The most common walking pneumonia symptoms include: tracheobronchitis (inflammation of lung bronchi and the trachea), low fever, sore throat (also referred to as pharyngitis), headache, and dry cough.

Chlamydial pneumonia is often accompanied by the above symptoms. They are usually mild enough for those affected to skip going to the doctor.

In the case of mycoplasma pneumonia, the symptoms might take a long time to develop fully, usually one to four weeks after the exposure. The symptoms worsen with time, as the dry cough picks up sputum and the fever gets worse in the later stages.

With legionnaires’ disease, things are significantly different, as the basic set of symptoms might be accompanied by abdominal pain, muscle aches, chills, and high fever. The typical time of incubation is around two weeks. If left untreated, legionella pneumonia can be lethal.

Risk Factors

The risk factors for walking pneumonia are similar to those of regular pneumonia. They include babies and infants aged two and under, seniors over 65 years old, smokers, people who inhale corticosteroids for prolonged periods of time, people with chronic respiratory conditions (such as COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), people with compromised or low immunity.

Walking Pneumonia Diagnosis

In order to diagnose atypical pneumonia (or pneumonia, for that matter), your doctor might perform a chest X-ray on you. Aside from that, the doctor will give you a physical exam, go through your medical history, check your symptoms and your overall health, and conduct various tests.

Some of the lab tests to expect if atypical pneumonia is suspected include a throat swab, CBC (complete blood count), blood culture, sputum gram stain study, mucus culture, as well as tests for specific antibodies and antigens.

Walking Pneumonia Treatment

Since many people affected by walking pneumonia don’t go to the doctor, they treat the symptoms at home. Some of the most common home remedies are similar to the ones used for the common cold. They include resting, drinking tea and other healthy fluids, and ibuprofen or aspirin for fever. You should refrain from using cough suppressants, as they’ll prevent your cough from becoming productive.

If you visit a doctor and get diagnosed with walking pneumonia, you will be prescribed a course of antibiotics according to the bacteria which caused your pneumonia. You’re supposed to take the antibiotics for the prescribed amount of time even after you start feeling better. If you are diagnosed with legionnaires’ disease, you will most likely be hospitalized.

Conclusion

Walking pneumonia is often milder and less dangerous than the full-blown pneumonia. Also, its symptoms might last longer. The notable exception is legionnaires’ disease which can be deadly.

People affected by walking pneumonia often mistake it for a cold and avoid seeing a doctor. However, if you detect the telltale symptoms, you should make an appointment with your doctor.

References

https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/fast-facts.html
https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/about/fast-facts.html
https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/fastfacts.html
https://www.lung.org/about-us/blog/2017/02/what-is-walking-pneumonia.html
https://medlineplus.gov/legionnairesdisease.html
https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/index.html
https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/cpneumoniae/about/index.html

The Risks of Dyeing Your Hair

How to Get Rid of Gray Hair with Nutrient-Rich Foods

1. Folic Acid

2. Vitamin B12

3. Biotin

4. Iron

5. Copper

How to Get Rid of Gray Hair with Home Remedies

1. Onion Hair Mask

2. Coconut Oil and Curry Leaves

3. Rosemary and Sage Hair Rinse

The Final Word

References:

What Is Bursitis?

The Causes

Treatment

Conservative Treatment

Advanced Treatment

Final Words

References:

How to Get Rid of Ingrown Hair

Leave It Be

Exfoliation

Try to Break Down the Ingrown Hair

Use a Warm Washcloth

Remove the Ingrown Hair Mechanically

How to Prevent Ingrown Hair

The Final Pluck

References:

Hangover 101

How to Cure a Hangover?

Fluids Galore

Supplements

Prickly Pear

Ginger

Red Ginseng

Borage Oil

Eat a Hearty Breakfast

Hair of the Dog

Other Things That Can Help

One for the Road

References:

How Long Does Shingles Last?

Are There Any Long-Term Complications?

Who Gets Shingles?

Is Shingles Contagious?

How to Treat Shingles?

The Bottom Line

References:

Smoking and Nicotine Ingestion

How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your Blood?

How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your Urine?

Hair Follicle and Saliva Test

Factors That Influence Nicotine Levels

How to Purge Nicotine from Your Blood and Body

The Final Puff

References:

How Long Are You Protected?

What Is Hepatitis A?

Who Should Get Vaccinated?

The Hep A Vaccine and How It’s Administered

Other Important Hepatitis A Vaccine Facts

The Final Shot

References:

Removing Mold with Foggers

Different Types of Mold

Aspergillus

Cladosporium

Stachybotrys Chartarum

Penicillium

Fusarium

How to Use a Mold Bomb Fogger

Mold Prevention

The Bottom Line

References:

Early Physical Traumas

Fibromyalgia Takes Its Toll

What’s Next for Lady Gaga

Lessons for Other Fibromyalgia Patients

Why do Period Cramps Happen?