What is the Difference Between HIV and AIDS?

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John

While many people get mixed up talking about HIV and AIDS, there is a big difference between the two, even if the two are directly linked to one another. The two are not the same condition and definitely not the same diagnosis. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus while AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome. Put simply, HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.

HIV is a virus that attacks the CD4 cell in the immune system thus interfering with the body’s ability to fight illnesses and infections. At the initial stages, the body may be able to fight off some of the infections and illnesses, but cannot be eliminated once they enter into the bloodstream.

Currently, the only solution for the virus is taking antiretroviral therapy which minimizes the effects of the virus by slowing down its progression or reducing the amount of the virus in the system to levels where it is undetectable and not easy to transmit. This way, the body will remain healthy for as long as one lives.

AIDS, on the other hand, is a condition that is characterized by a range of symptom developing in time in HIV infected individuals who do not take ART.  The condition is also referred to as stage 3 HIV where the virus has completely compromised the immune system such that it can no longer perform its function of protecting the body against various infections. A person infected with the virus but gets diagnosed early enough and starts taking HIV medication can prevent the virus from developing into AIDS. This means a patient can have HIV but not AIDS while it is not possible to have AIDS without first having HIV.

How HIV differs with AIDS

HIV infected individuals following effective ART treatment are likely to prevent developing AIDS. However, if HIV is left untreated, the virus continues to damage the immune system until it is no longer able to prevent any infection. This, therefore, increases the risk of developing opportunistic infections and other conditions which, in most cases, occur frequently and are life-threatening. Examples of opportunistic infections at the AIDS stage include cancers like cervical cancer, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and lung cancer, candidiasis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and cryptococcosis among others.

AIDS is the final stage of HIV and diagnosed based on the CD4 cell count or development of various opportunistic infections. While HIV stage 1 and 2 are not serious and can be easily managed, it is difficult to manage the stage 3 (AIDS).

Normally, the CD4 count in healthy individuals is between 500 to 1,600 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. However, when one develops stage 3 HIV, the CD4 cells count drops to 200 cells per cubic millimeter or lower. Development of AIDS from HIV may take between 2 to 15 years depending with the general health of an individual, age, genetics, standard health care, as well as the presence of other infections.

In short, individuals who start ART treatment during the first two stages are unlikely to develop AIDS.

ART treatment ensures management of the virus to undetectable levels

Regular use of ART treatment reduces the virus to insignificant levels commonly referred to as undetectable levels. This way, the virus will not affect the victim’s daily life guaranteeing a longer lifespan as well as ensuring the virus is untransmittable. According to research, this ensures the life expectancy of a person living with HIV is almost the same as a healthy person without the virus.

The symptoms of HIV differ from those of AIDS as the latter develops severe symptoms including other ailments which are not common in the first two stages. It is said, “prevention is the cure” and that remains to be the case as scientific researcher go on with finding the real cure of the condition. Safe sex using protection, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and post-exposure prophylaxis, reducing direct contact of body fluids like blood, vaginal fluids, and semen and avoiding the sharing of contaminated sharp objects will help to prevent transmission and contracting of the virus. However, if you are diagnosed HIV positive, using a combination of highly active ART drugs will help slow progression of the virus thus preventing the development of AIDS.

References:

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/livingwithhiv/opportunisticinfections.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4220799/

https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/hiv-vs-aids

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316019.php

https://cliniquelactuel.com/living-with-hiv-difference-between-hiv-aids_clinique-medicale-l-Actuel

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ICD 10

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John

In order to classify and accurately describe diseases in a generally-understandable format, doctors and practitioners use The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10) as a reference. This classification uses a number of codes to describe the exact situation of the patient with the respective symptoms, thereby helping the doctors to precisely keep track of the condition and its evolution. These codes are generally referred to as Diagnosis Codes.

The code group used for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma falls within the range C82 to C88. This is because different types of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma exist depending on the type of cancerous cells observed during a microscopic investigation. While the specifics of each type are outside the scope of this article, their respective ICD-10 codes are outlined as follows:

C82 refers to Follicular lymphoma, which will be described later in this article whereas C83 refers to non-follicular lymphoma. C84 and C86 represent types of T/NK-cell lymphoma while C88 represents certain B-cell lymphomas. C85 represents other specified and non-specified types of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Certain sub-codes are used to define these other types further. For instance, C85.1 relates to unspecified B-cell Lymphoma which further breaks down to C85.11 up to C85.19. C85.11 indicates that Lymphoma has affected lymph nodes of head, face, and neck, whereas C85.17 indicates that it has affected the spleen. The code C85.18 means that Lymphoma is spread in lymph nodes of multiple sites while C85.10 means that the site is unspecified. It can be noticed that these codes are sub-categorized to describe the situation in the greatest level of detail possible. This enables a unified reference that doctors can use to write their reports and explain the patient’s condition to one another.

Reference:



https://www.icd10data.com/ICD10CM/Codes/C00-D49/C81-C96

Pathophysiology for Type 1 Diabetes

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John

Pathophysiology is a term that describes the biological and functional changes that take place in the human body as a result of a disease. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the insulin-secreting cells in the human body are destroyed, thereby causing an abnormal increase in blood glucose levels. Several genetic, environmental and immunologic factors may lead to the destruction of these cells.

Genetic Factors

Several genetic factors are known to contribute to the destruction of the insulin-secreting cells and are typically inherited down the family. These include HLA (human leucocyte antigen), which is a gene in chromosome 6, insulin-VNTR gene in chromosome 11, and CTLA-4 on chromosome 4. The presence of these genes damage other genes in the same chromosomes – the damaged genes are responsible for monitoring the immune system and preventing it from attacking healthy cells in the body.

Environmental Factors

Viruses such as rubella and enteroviruses have been found to impact the human immune system and push it to self-destroy it’s beta cells that secrete insulin. Also, specific dietary practices followed with infants may cause Type 1 diabetes as they grow older. These include formula milk and certain types of cereals.

Immunologic Factors

The human immune system molecules go through a number of tolerance mechanisms in which they technically practice how to distinguish foreign bodies from the person’s internal components. Reduction in the immune tolerance mechanism of the body has been shown to lead to Type 1 diabetes.

Impacts of Insulin Deficiency

Insulin deficiency for Type 1 diabetes patients occurs due to the self-destruction of the beta cells. This deficiency of insulin means that the glucose output from the liver increases and the blood glucose level increases. In turn, this makes it difficult for the muscle tissues to absorb glucose effectively. Glucose deprivation in the tissues causes significant undesirable weight loss along with other metabolic abnormalities. This, in the long run, produces a number of complications including an increase in blood acidity, which may cause ketoacidosis.

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5776665/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22256/

https://www.diapedia.org/type-1-diabetes-mellitus/2104315431/pathophysiology

The Ketogenic Diet and Type 1 Diabetes – What You Should Know

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John

A ketogenic diet involves a low daily intake of carbohydrates. Individuals following such a diet need to ensure that healthy fats account for most of their daily calorie consumption. Proteins also form an important part of this diet. A low-carb diet has been recommended to be followed by Type 1 diabetes patients as it helps lower their blood glucose levels and reduce the patient’s weight; both being desirable outcomes for diabetic patients.

A reduced intake of carbohydrates reduces the insulin requirements, which thereby reduces the number of insulin injections they need to take. This reduces the cost of treatment and contributes to less physical and emotional pain that the patients go through during the insulin therapies. It also helps limit the complications of diabetes on their bodies.

Advantages of a Ketogenic Diet for Type 1 Diabetes Patients

In a ketogenic diet, the body is forced to get its energy requirements from stored fats rather than carbohydrates. This produces an energy source known as ketones, which helps to regulate the acidity of the blood thereby preventing a complication known as ketoacidosis. Ketoacidosis is common among type 1 diabetes patients.

Also, a ketogenic diet leads to the production of 3-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (3-OHB). Some studies found 3-OHB to reverse some of the processes that are caused by diabetes. This reduces the dependency of the body on glucose and makes the metabolism of the body directed towards an alternative fuel source, which comes from burning fats. Research has proved that with this mechanism, a ketogenic diet can be used to reverse the damage to kidney tissues and possibly have a reversal effect on diabetic nephropathy.

References

https://www.diabetes.co.uk/keto/

http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0018604

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What is De Quervain’s Thyroiditis?

Written By: Alexandra Waller
admin

Thyroiditis refers to inflammation in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located in the neck. It produces hormones that deliver oxygen and energy throughout the body. There are several kinds of thyroiditis, including De Quervain’s thyroiditis. De Quervain’s thyroiditis is also known as subacute or granulomatous thyroiditis. De Querain’s thyroiditis was analyzed first in 1904. It is less common than Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and it can lead to tenderness or pain in the thyroid gland due to rapid swelling.

De Quervain’s thyroiditis, or subacute granulomatous thryoiditis, is divided into the category of a painful kind of thyroiditis. The two types of thyroiditis include both painless thyroiditis and painful thyroiditis. If you experience pain or tenderness in your thyroid or neck area, it is possible your thyroid gland is inflamed. Speak to your doctor if you have any questions or concerns. This article is compiled based on research conducted, and it is important to note that I am not a doctor.

De Quervain’s Thyroiditis Diagnosis

Tests and clinical examination are a couple of ways to help diagnose the condition. Early on in the disease test results can involve an increase in T4 and T3 levels. They can also include a decrease in TSH (low thyroid stimulating hormone) and thyroid radioactive iodine uptake as well as a high ESR (erthrocyte sedimentation rate).

Cause

It is assumed that De Quervain’s thyroditis is caused by a viral or bacterial infection. De Quervain’s thyroiditis is geographical and seasonal, more commonly diagnosed in the season of fall (after upper respiratory tract infections).

Symptoms

Besides experiencing pain or tenderness in the thyroid area, there are other signs of De Quervain’s thyroiditis. You can have difficulty swallowing, a fever, or experience signs of infection like enlarged lymph nodes close to the thyroid.

There are a few other symptoms to note, though they are less common:

  • Fatigue
  • Nervousness
  • Being sensitive to heat
  • Excessive sweating
  • Weight loss
  • Diarrhea
  • Tremors
  • Heart palpitations

If you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above or believe you may be experiencing De Quervain’s thyroiditis, contact your doctor. Additionally, you should speak to a healthcare professional you trust in order to receive correct and reliable answers.

Treatment

There are a couple of treatment options to look at depending on your condition. If you are experiencing pain or swelling in your thyroid glands, you can take high doses of aspirin, ibuprofen, or other NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Additionally, your doctor can prescribe antibiotics if he or she finds a bacterial infection.

Hyperthyroid symptoms can lead to a treatment plan that includes a beta-blocker. You can also receive thyroid hormone replacement medications depending on your condition. Your doctor may also recommend corticosteroids if your condition is more severe. Hypothyroid cases can require different treatment processes. As soon as the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake returns to elevated levels, treatment can stop.

Usually, the thyroid gland and hormone production goes back to normal in patients with the hyperthyroid condition. There is a low risk of a recurrence of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis because it is considered self-limited. However, this does not mean it is not impossible to eventually become permanently hypothyroid.

Risk Factors

Women are more likely to be affected by De Quervain’s thyroiditis than men. In fact, a study shows that women are three to five times more likely to be affected. The condition usually occurs in middle-aged women (about thirty to fifty years old), but it can affect any individual.

De Quervain’s thyroiditis is believed to be an inflammatory immune reaction and more frequently there is a commonality of antecedent viral upper respiratory tract infections.

Recurrences of the hyperthyroid condition are quite uncommon. In fact, subacute thyroiditis is self-limited and can subside in less than three months. If it does reoccur, it can lead to hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism can be permanent, especially when there is extensive follicular destruction.

In Sum…

De Quervain’s thyroiditis is a type of painful thyroiditis that more likely affects middle-aged women. Although subacute granulomatous thyroiditis can resolve on its own, patients with more extreme or severe conditions are prone to be permanently hypothyroid. Treatment is possible, and there are different techniques and approaches you can take depending on the state of your condition. De Quervain’s thyroiditis has many symptoms. In order to receive a correct diagnosis your doctor can conduct other tests. These other tests will help ensure your symptoms are caused by De Quervain’s thyroiditis.

Reach out to your doctor if you have any more questions or concerns. In order to receive professional support and insight, it is best to ask for advice from a healthcare professional you trust.

Type 1 Diabetes Complications

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John

Several complications seem to occur when a patient has Type 1 diabetes. This is because a higher than normal blood sugar level affects the flow of nutrients from the fine blood vessels that feed the tissues and organs of the body. This makes the tissues suffer from a nutrient deficiency, which severely impacts their normal functionality. The main tissues affected by this condition are the kidney tissues, the nerves, and tissues in the retina of the eyes. These complications are further explained below.

Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is a severe condition that takes place when the blood vessels feeding the nephrons in the kidneys contain blood with high sugar levels, and hence are unable to diffuse the nutrients to the nephrons. This means that the nephrons will be unable to perform their normal function of urine purification, which imposes a significant strain on the kidneys. Diabetic nephropathy eventually leads to kidney failure.

Diabetic Polyneuropathy

Diabetic Polyneuropathy describes the nerve damage that takes place due to diabetes. The fine blood vessels feeding the nerves are unable to provide the required nutrients, thereby causing severe nerve damage. The risk of this condition evolves from the fact that nerve damage is likely to impact and hinder limb movement, as well as reduce the patient’s sensation to temperature and pain.

Diabetic Retinopathy

The retina is a very sensitive part of the eye that controls vision. Poor nutrition to the retina affects its operation and impairs the patient’s vision, which may ultimately lead to the development of diabetic retinopathy.

Ketoacidosis

Ketoacidosis is another complication of Type 1 diabetes that occurs due to an increase in the acidity of the patient’s blood. The increased acidity is due to a consistently high blood sugar level. Highly acidic blood is a life-threatening condition and needs to be treated promptly once detected. The symptoms of ketoacidosis include continued vomiting, breathing difficulty and intense dizziness.

References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-nephropathy/…/syc-20354556

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/…causes/syc-20353011

https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ketoacidosis

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What is Silent Thyroiditis?

Written By: Alexandra Waller
admin

Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. There are different kinds of thyroiditis, including Silent Thyroiditis. Silent Thyroiditis is an immune reaction of the thyroid gland. It is also known as other alternative names, including: Silent lymphocytic Thyroiditis, Subacute lymphocytic Thyroiditis, Painless Thyroiditis, or Postpartum Thyroiditis. Within this article we will look at Silent Thyroiditis specifically. If you are seeking a professional’s opinion or insight, please reach out and contact a doctor you trust.

How Common is Silent Thyroiditis?

Silent Thyroiditis is more common among women than men. Additionally, research shows that Silent Thyroiditis is more likely to occur in women who are middle-aged. Although individuals of all ages can be affected by Silent Thyroiditis, the incident rate is much higher in middle-aged adults.

There are a few risk factors of Silent Thyroiditis, including:

  • Gender (female)
  • Age (middle-aged adults)
  • Family history of Silent Thyroiditis
  • Autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus)
  • Medicines (interferon and amiodarone)
  • Chemotherapy that affects the immune system

The list above demonstrates just a few risk factors associated with Silent Thyroiditis. However, the risk factors listed do not always lead to the condition. The risk factors are intended to show an individual’s chances of getting a certain disease or condition. Certain risk factors can be more significant than others depending on your condition. Speak to your healthcare provider about your concerns and discuss the effects of certain risk factors.

Cause

There is no known cause of Silent Thyroiditis. However, Silent Thyroiditis is believed to be related to an immune attack against the thyroid. This is because of the hyperactivity of the immune system.

Because there is no known cause of Silent Thyroiditis, there are also no known preventative strategies.

Symptoms

Depending on the state of Silent Thyroiditis, symptoms can differ. Hyperthyroidism is the beginning state and symptoms can last up to three months. However, this phase can be overlooked and not last very long. On the other hand, hypothyroidism occurs when the condition progresses and can be permanent. Below you will find some symptoms associated with each state.

During hyperthyroidism you may experience the following signs:

  • Difficulty sleeping (insomnia)
  • Extreme hunger
  • Excessive sweating
  • Irritation
  • Nervousness
  • Abnormal or rapid heartbeat rate
  • Protrusion of eyes
  • Weight loss
  • Menstruation in women can be irregular or short

During hypothyroidism you may experience the following signs:

  • Enlarged or swollen thyroid gland
  • Shrunken thyroid gland
  • Fatigue
  • Excessive hair loss
  • Dry skin
  • Sensitive to the cold
  • Constipation
  • Weight gain
  • Menstruation irregularities in women

Diagnosis

Silent Thyroiditis is not often undiagnosed until hypothyroidism occurs. In order to receive a correct diagnosis, you will need to undergo a clinical evaluation. This can include a blood test that allows for the analysis of increased levels of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.Your doctor can determine your thyroid dysfunction through serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) levels. Your doctor can also recommend radioactive iodine uptake or an ultrasound scan of your thyroid gland if necessary. However, tests may not be necessary to make a correct diagnosis depending on your condition.

More simple tests include a physical examination and a look at your medical history. Your healthcare provider will notice whether or not you are experiencing common symptoms, such as an enlarged thyroid gland, increased heart rate, and shaking hands.

Thyroid scintigraphy helps differentiate Silent Thyroiditis from Grave’s hyperthyroidism. The level of radiotracer accumulation determines whether you have Silent Thyroiditis or Grave’s hyperthyroidism. Your doctor may suggest performing additional tests in order to ensure your symptoms are not connected to a separate condition.

Treatment

Because it is a self-limiting condition, Silent Thyroiditis can resolve on its own depending on its stage. However, there are treatment options if your condition worsens. A beta-blocker helps during the treatment process because it can relieve your elevated heart rate as well as excessive sweating. Beta-blockers are used during the hyperthyroid phase. There are times when thyroid hormone replacement is necessary if hypothyroidism continues. Thyroid hormone replacement is usually used during the hypothyroid phase.

Your doctor may ask you to receive follow-up care, including screening and check-ups. Try and avoid all surgery, especially because it is not required during the treatment process. Get lots of rest and to not overly exert one self during treatment.

Conclusion

Silent Thyroiditis is more common among women during the postpartum period. However, it is possible for an individual of any age or gender to develop the condition. Recovery is more likely to occur during hyperthyroidism rather than hypothyroidism. Diagnosis and treatment can vary depending on the phase of the condition. If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms similar to Silent Thyroiditis, contact a doctor you trust. Having both professional and emotional support is key during the diagnosis and treatment processes.

Type 1 Diabetes in Children

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John

Type 1 diabetes is most commonly diagnosed in children. This is a chronic disease. It requires prompt and consistent treatment. Nevertheless, by carefully monitoring the child’s health and precisely following the treatment instructions, the children can be granted a life that is as close as possible to being what many would consider “normal.”

Causes of Type 1 Diabetes in Children

Although the exact reason for the body’s inability to produce insulin may not be clearly understood, several factors may increase the chances of suffering from Type 1 diabetes, particularly for children. One of these factors is the genetic makeup of the child. A child may be diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes if there is a family history of the condition. Additionally, certain genes may undergo abnormal mutations and increase the risk of developing diabetes. Some environmental factors may lead to diabetes due to incorrect stimulation of the child’s immune system, particularly during the early developmental stages.

Symptoms and Complications of Type 1 Diabetes in Children

The symptoms of Type 1 diabetes in children tend to be quite evident as their bodies would respond quickly to the lack of insulin. These symptoms include frequent urination and increased thirst due to the accumulation of sugar in their blood. Extreme hunger is also one of the symptoms experienced by children as their body is unable to digest glucose properly, which causes their body to become deprived of energy. Fatigue and weight loss are also commonly observed in diabetic children, and in more extreme situations, diabetic children may suffer from blurred vision.  

Type 1 diabetes causes a number of complications due to unregulated blood sugar levels. These are more intense for children due to their young age. The complications include damages to the heart and blood vessels, which adversely affects the nerves, kidneys, and eyes. At a young age, children should be taught and educated on how to control their sugar intake. They should also be educated about diet and exercise options that will help to keep the condition under control and avoid the development of serious complications.

References

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355306

Type 1 Diabetes Life Expectancy

Written By: admin
John

Because diabetes is a chronic condition, patients are typically worried about how long are they expected to live, once diagnosed with this disease. The life expectancy of diabetes patients is affected by a number of factors that determine the impact of the disease on the health of the patient.

Factors Affecting Life Expectancy of Type-1 Diabetic Patients

The most important factor is the stage at which diabetes is diagnosed. For type 1 diabetes, in particular, early diagnosis allows patients to go for insulin therapies immediately and follow the required dietary plans. This, if followed accurately, enable them to live an almost normal life with no complications. However, the late diagnosis means higher chances of severe long-term complications that are caused by the high blood glucose levels. These complications typically occur in the nerves, eyes, and kidneys, all of which are key organs in the human body. Other complications also include higher blood pressure and elevated cholesterol levels, which may also impact the main life parameters and contribute to a reduced life expectancy.

The second factor is the progress of these diabetic complications. Since the complications of diabetes affect vital organs, the rate at which the body responds to the damage caused has a direct contribution to the health of the patient and their life expectancy.

Life Expectancy of Type-1 Diabetic Patients

The life expectancy of type 1 diabetes patients has been reported in earlier research to be 20 years shorter than a normal individual. These statistics have been significantly improved with the increasing efficiency of diabetes treatments and the raised awareness about the disease. A study published in 2012 by the University of Pittsburgh reports the life efficiency of Type-1 diabetes patients to be 69 years, which is around ten years less than the general life expectancy of normal individuals (77 years for men and 81 years for women, according to The Office for National Statistics, UK). The study reports that this enhancement in life expectancy is due to earlier recognition of the disease and improved treatments, particularly in younger patients. Increased awareness and advancements in medicine have also significantly reduced the numbers of child deaths due to diabetic complications.

Increasing the Life Expectancy of Type 1 Diabetes Patients

In order to improve their life expectancy, type 1 diabetes patients need to pay careful attention to their dietary plans while accurately following their insulin therapy. This works to regulate their blood sugar levels and avoid severe complications. Regular exercising is also highly recommended although it should be approved by the patient’s doctor. Shall they suffer from any of the expected diabetic complications, patients need to go under careful medical surveillance and receive proper medical care in order to preserve the functionality of their vital organs.

References

https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-life-expectancy.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478551/

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How does the gut microbiome impact your health?

Written By: Alexandra Waller
admin

The human microbiota contains bacteria, single-celled organisms (archaea), fungi, viruses, and other microbes. The difference between microbiota and microbiome involves how microbiota refers to the actual micro-organisms and viruses as previously mentioned. On the other hand, the microbiome refers to the genetic make-up of the microbiota. Although they are different, the terms microbiome and microbiota can be used interchangeably. Certain bacteria can be harmful, but some microbes are actually beneficial to our overall health. Here we will examine how important the microbiome, especially the gut microbiome, really is to our overall health. It is significant to note that I am not a doctor, but I have conducted extensive research on the microbiome topic.

Are all microbes the same?

No, not all microbes are the same. Different body parts, including the skin, gut, and vagina, all have different communities of microbes. Additionally, it is interesting to note that microbiomes are distinct among each person.

In particular, the gut microbiome has gained quite a bit of attention within research. The gut microbiome is often linked to certain diseases and conditions, such as autism, obesity, and anxiety. The gut microbiome can be linked with things like helping control your immune system, brain health, gut health, heart health, gaining weight, and lowering levels of blood sugar.

The Gut Microbiome

According to Healthline, the gut microbiome is an essential part to your health. As previously mentioned, it is connected to several health conditions: the immune system, brain health, gut health, heart health, weight, and blood sugar.

Immune System

The gut microbiome helps control your immune system because of its relation to immune cells and therefore affects how your body responds to infection. This is why the gut microbiome can be linked to individuals’ diverse responses to certain drugs. Cancer patients may respond to chemotherapy differently, and the gut microbiome can play a role in the distinction.

Brain Health

In addition to helping control your immune system, the gut microbiome also helps control your brain health. Studies have shown that the gut microbiome may affect the central nervous system, which in turn controls your brain function.

Gut Health

The gut microbiome can both positively and negatively affect your gut health. It plays a role in intestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. However, certain healthy bacteria found in the gut microbiome can also help prevent leaky gut syndrome and seal gaps in between intestinal cells. These healthy bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, can be found in probiotics and yogurt.

Heart Health

Similar to how the gut microbiome affects your gut health, it also has both positive and negative impacts on your heart health. The gut microbiome contains bacteria that may produce chemicals that are harmful to your overall health. These chemicals can block arteries and lead to heart disease. On the other hand, certain bacteria in the gut microbiome can have advantageous effects, such as Lactobacilli that can lower cholesterol as well as the risk of heart disease.

Weight

The gut microbiome can lead to weight gain due to an imbalance of healthy and unhealthy microbes. This condition is usually referred to as gut dysbiosis. Additionally, the gut microbiome has an impact on our appetite, the production of gases, the immune system and inflammation, which can all lead to weight gain.

Blood Sugar

And lastly, the gut microbiome can also help control blood sugar levels and lower the risk of diabetes.

How to Improve Your Microbiome

As mentioned previously, there are cases where prebiotics or probiotics can help improve your microbiome, such as with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Food like yogurt, sauerkraut, and kefir have the necessary healthy bacteria. Also, it is important to keep a diet filled with foods like beans, legumes, and fruits high in fiber.

You can improve your gut microbiome by consuming less artificial sweeteners. Some artificial sweeteners increase blood sugar levels. So, it is best to limit yourself.

However, you should follow a diverse plant-based diet. Maintaining a plant-based diet can have a huge impact, especially when it comes to reducing levels of bad bacteria that cause disease (E. coli) and decreasing inflammation and cholesterol. Include foods that are rich in polyphenols (green tea, olive oil, etc.) and foods that are high in fiber like whole grains.

In sum, the human microbiome includes a variety of microbes. Here we examined the gut microbiome in particular. The gut microbiome can have both a positive and negative impact on your overall health depending on your condition. If you have any concerns or questions concerning your condition, reach out to your doctor.

Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes

Written By: admin
John

Diabetes is a chronic condition that is diagnosed in individuals whose blood sugar levels are found to be significantly higher than normal. With the increasing number of patients diagnosed with diabetes, it has become crucial to study the causes of this disease, which will assist medical experts in identifying a cure. As a result of studies conducted worldwide, diabetes has been classified into two main types: Type 1 and Type 2, each of which has a different set of causes and requires a different treatment approach.

Characteristics & Development of Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease; a condition that occurs when the body’s immunity system attacks certain cells in the body, mistaking them for being harmful. In the case of Type 1 diabetes, antibodies attack the beta cells that generate insulin in the body, and hence insulin injections are inevitable for patients diagnosed with this condition. It is often diagnosed in children and is generally not associated with an increase in the weight of the patients.

Characteristics & Development of Type 2 Diabetes

In type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, beta cells do generate insulin, yet the body finds it difficult to respond to its presence, leading to insulin resistance. As a result, beta cells work to produce more insulin. This eventually destroys these beta cells due to excessive production. Type 2 diabetes typically occurs in people suffering from obesity. Pharmaceutical intervention is not always needed. Instead, a balanced, healthy diet with sufficient exercise can be used to treat this condition. Uncontrolled type 2 diabetes can be treated with insulin therapy and certain types of medication. It is often diagnosed in patients who are older than 40.

References

https://www.diabetes.co.uk/difference-between-type1-and-type2-diabetes.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1671/table/A580/

What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?

Written By: admin
John

Diabetes, in general, is a chronic condition in which the blood glucose level of an individual is constantly reported to be higher than what is considered normal. Type 1 diabetes is a sub-category of diabetic conditions, which takes place when the immune system of the patient’s body attacks the cells responsible for the generation of insulin. These cells are known as beta cells, and they work to generate insulin in the pancreas and releases the insulin to assist in digesting the glucose content in food.

When the beta cells are destroyed, insulin secretion is significantly reduced or even ceased, and the human body is unable to regulate the amount of glucose that passes into the blood. Hence, the blood glucose level increases. The reason for beta cells failure has not yet been clearly identified by scientific research, although a genetic disturbance is generally suspected. This means that Type-1 diabetes can be inherited from a previous generation. The disease is most commonly detected in children and young adults.

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

Since a high blood sugar level occurs in both diabetes Type 1 and Type 2, the symptoms are common between the two conditions. These include frequent urination, fatigue, and extreme thirst, as well as a general feeling of nausea and dizziness. In severe situations, patients may even fall into diabetic comas.

Common Complications Associated with Type-1 Diabetes

Increasing the blood glucose level causes a number of complications as it disturbs the water-to-sugar ratio in the blood and cells within the patient’s body. This has been found to produce a number of complications that differ from one patient to another. The three most commonly experienced complications are diabetic polyneuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, affecting the nerves, kidneys, and retinas of the patient’s eyes. The tiny blood vessels feeding the retina and kidney tissues get damaged as a result of diabetes and may cause the patient to lose vision or suffer from kidney failure. Furthermore, nerve damage may take place, which may implicate the patient’s pain and temperature sensations.

Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

The treatment of type 1 diabetes patients typically focuses on insulin therapies in order to monitor and regulate the blood sugar levels. Well-prepared dietary plans are also essential to make sure the intake of insulin is sufficient in relation to the patient’s food intake. This ensures optimal absorption of the digested food and prevents the blood sugar level from significantly increasing or decreasing. Treatment protocols will help keep the condition under control and would minimize the risk of long-term complications.

It is important to note that no cure has been developed for diabetes yet. By maintaining an appropriate diet and receiving the right dosage of insulin, Type-1 diabetes patients can still have a normal life.

References

https://www.diabetes.co.uk/difference-between-type1-and-type2-diabetes.html

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/…causes/syc-20353011

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072523/

Fibromyalgia

Lady Gaga Discusses Fibromyalgia in Vogue Cover Story

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John

Lady Gaga appears on the cover of the latest edition of Vogue Magazine and gives an interview about her upcoming film A Star is Born with Bradley Cooper. In the film, she plays a singer-songwriter discovered by Coopers booze-and-pill-addled country music star. It’s her first starring role in a feature film and it’s generating huge Oscar buzz.

But what interests us is her discussion of fibromyalgia, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and anxiety. She went public with her diagnosis when she was forced to cancel part of her tour in February. She also shows herself going through a flare-up in her Netflix documentary, Gaga: Five Foot Two.

In the Vogue piece she addresses the invisible nature of fibromyalgia directly:

“I get so irritated with people who don’t believe fibromyalgia is real. For me, and I think for many others, it’s really a cyclone of anxiety, depression, PTSD, trauma, and panic disorder, all of which sends the nervous system into overdrive, and then you have nerve pain as a result. People need to be more compassionate. Chronic pain is no joke. And it’s every day waking up not knowing how you’re going to feel.”

Some more highlights:

  • Lady Gaga discusses her experience as a survivor of sexual assault, saying, “No one else knew. It was almost like I tried to erase it from my brain. And when it finally came out, it was like a big, ugly monster. And you have to face the monster to heal.”
  • She discusses the PTSD she suffered as a result of the assault, and her belief that it partially triggered her fibromyalgia.
  • “It’s getting better every day,” she says, “because now I have fantastic doctors who take care of me and are getting me show-ready.”

Further Reading:

Fibromyalgia

Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): What You Need to Know

Written By: Alexandra Waller
admin
fecal occult blood test

Photo by Martin Lopez from Pexels

The fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is a lab test. It is used to check the stool for the presence of any hidden blood. Occult blood in the stool is usually an indicator of colon cancer or polyps in the rectum ore colon. Not all cancers or polyps bleed, but occult blood in the stool can be a sign of colon cancer or polyps.

Occult blood comes in small amounts. This means it can be difficult for the doctor to detect. This is why it is necessary to use certain chemicals during the lab test to detect and determine correct results. Additional tests may be necessary if blood is found during the fecal occult blood test. Unfortunately, the fecal occult blood test is only able to detect blood in the stool and is unable to determine the source of the bleeding. This is why it may be necessary to take additional tests to find out why there is blood.

How to Prepare

Preparing for the fecal occult blood test involves avoiding certain foods and medicines. In order to receive accurate test results, it is important not to eat anything other than what your doctor tells you. Certain foods and medications can affect your results by creating a false-positive or false-negative. The doctor may perceive that there is blood when there really is not any or vice versa. It is likely that your doctor will ask you to avoid broccoli, turnips, red meat, horseradish, vitamin C supplements, aspirin, and ibuprofen or other pain relievers.

What to Expect

Your doctor will discuss with you what you should expect from the fecal occult blood test. There are actually different kinds of tests, each containing separate processes and approaches. Guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) is a process that involves the patient to collect a stool sample from his or her bowel movement. Then, the patient uses an applicator stick and applies a smear of the sample to an indicated area on a test card. The individual collects the stool on consecutive days. When the samples are dry they are sent to the doctor or a lab for analysis.

Another option is a kit that is available at the store without needing a prescription. The kit comes with a pad or tissue, which you place in the toilet bowl after a bowel movement. You will notice if there is blood in your stool because you will notice the color changes in the pad. Report any changes that you see or notice to your doctor.

A third option is called the immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT or FIT). For this method, the patient usually uses a certain spoon or device to collect a sample of the stool. Then, the patient stores the sample in a container. This container comes with the test kit. The patient gives the container to a doctor or a lab. Unlike iFOBT, gFOBT requires dietary restrictions before the stool sample can be collected.

Risks and Benefits

There are a few risks or limitations associated with the fecal occult blood test. For example, the test is not always accurate. You may receive a false-negative result. It can also show a false-positive if you have bleeding from a different source. Another limitation of the fecal occult blood test is that it only leads to additional testing if you receive a positive result. Further observation and testing is necessary because the FOBT only allows the doctor to detect whether or not there is occult blood in the stool. Lastly, fecal occult blood tests is not able to detect all cancers. However, a colonoscopy is another option for further examination.

Despite having some risks and limitations, fecal occult blood tests do have some benefits. If you are at least 50 years old or are at risk of colon cancer, your doctor can use the FOBT to screen for colon cancer. Another benefit is that it can evaluate possible causes of unexplained anemia. The FOBT can examine and determine if bleeding in the digestive tract is contributing to anemia.

Results

As mentioned previously, the FOBT can lead to a false-negative or false-positive. However, your doctor will review the results and then share them with you. You will receive a negative result if no blood is detected in the stool samples. Even though you may receive a negative result, your doctor may request further additional tests depending on your condition.

On the other hand, a positive result occurs if your doctor finds blood in the stool samples. Your doctor is likely to recommend additional testing to find the source of the bleeding, such as a colonoscopy.

Free HIV Testing

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John

There are new HIV infections each year across the world. This is despite the many awareness campaigns being run worldwide. In 2015, the US recorded about 38,500 new cases of HIV infections according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Though these numbers have significantly reduced, the country is fighting hard to ensure that the epidemic of the 80s is not repeated.

The best place to start is ensuring that people get to know their status so that they can start early medical treatment as well as prevent transmission to their partners without knowing. With statistics indicating that about 13% of people infected with HIV are unaware, it is alarming hence the recommendation by CDC to have all individuals between the age of 13 and 64 get an HIV test at least once as part of the routine health care.

It does not matter if you are in a monogamous relationship where you have intercourse with your partner alone; you need to get tested to know your status.

Free HIV testing and Counseling

The government understands that people are in faced with hard financial times and this could be contributing to the fact that some are not going for the tests. However, it is worth noting that HIV testing is necessary to help improve the health of people living with HIV and preventing further transmission.

In order to prevent more infections, HIV testing is now faster and in many cases free if you visit government hospitals, clinics, community health center, and drug and substance program centers. You can check in on your Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) center and request for the diagnosis, not to forget the counseling that accompanies it to ensure you always live a healthy and positive life.

After all, if you need to visit your private medical doctor or clinic, the cost is never too high considering the worth of a healthy life. Take action now and get tested; the rapid tests are available throughout the week in many clinics provided you schedule an appointment on time. You don’t need to worry about your confidentiality as every visitor is accorded the necessary anonymity with no records of identifying information made.

A good example where you can get a free HIV test is the Berkeley Free Clinic in Berkeley, California. This clinic also offers free testing for other STIs.

References:

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/statistics.html

https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/factsheets/hiv-testing-us-508.pdf

http://www.berkeleyfreeclinic.org/clinic-history/

Does Charlie Sheen Have HIV?

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admin

Charlie Sheen is a celebrated Hollywood veteran. He is has acted in close to 50 movies and was the star of “Two and a Half Men,” a CBS comedy in which he played the role of Charlie Harper, hedonistic jingle writer, whose lifestyle was crimped by his divorced brother and his nephew who moved in with him. Sheen, the son of actor Martin Sheen and brother to actor Emilio Estevez, rose to fame and riches, thanks to an unusual deal that saw his salary for the sitcom role peak at $1.25 million per episode!

Sheen was listed in 2013 as No. 67 on Forbes’ List of top 100 celebrities, rated by earnings, although his ranking has slipped since then. His residence is in Los Angeles, CA. He has been married three times and is currently divorced. Currently 51, he has five children and one grandchild.

Is Charlie HIV positive?

“I’m here to admit I am, in fact, HIV positive.”

These were his own words on NBC’s “Today” show to Matt Lauer, as quoted by CNN. Sheen said he contracted the virus five years ago but never came out publicly to admit the same. According to his statement, it was about time that he put to an end the “onslaught, this barrage of attacks and sub-truths,” that portrayed him as someone threatening the health of many other people with his reckless lifestyle.

In an interview, he explained that he wasn’t sure how he contracted the virus but went ahead to say that he has managed to tell all his sexual partners of his condition and said that it is “impossible” to have transmitted it to any of them.

Sheen said he suffered a cluster of headaches one after another as well as night sweats before subjecting himself to a battery of tests that confirmed he was HIV positive.

Though described as fine and physically healthy, he said, “It’s a hard three letters word to absorb” and that the diagnosis was a turning point of his life.

After receiving the results, he decided to share the diagnosis with some people he trusted, but some ended up blackmailing lots of money from him to keep his secret. He says he paid those blackmailing him “in the millions,” which was later revealed as more than ten million dollars!  This included one prostitute who entered his bathroom, took a cell phone picture of his medication, then threatened to expose him by selling the image if he didn’t pay her.

One of the reasons he came out publicly to share his HIV status was to put an end to the blackmailing schemes. When asked if would continue paying the people, he said: “Not after today.”

Charlie has HIV but not AIDS

Also interviewed on the “Today” show, Robert Huizenga, Sheen’s doctor, who is also an assistant professor of clinical medicine at UCLA, said Sheen does not have AIDS. This is to say that the virus has not significantly suppressed Charlie’s immune system.

Charlie is currently free of the serious infections that come when HIV is not managed correctly. From the interview with Lauer, Charlie noted only one possibility through which he contracted the virus, and that is unprotected sex. He denied the possibility of getting HIV through drug injections and was cited in The Sun tabloid as saying he has only engaged in unprotected sex twice! With Lauer, he even indicated that he was no longer on drugs, but did go on with drinking and seeking the company of prostitutes.

Sheen has long admitted to his frequent use of prostitutes. In 1995, he said in court, testifying at the tax evasion trial of famous Hollywood madam Heidi Fleiss, that he once spent $53,000 dollars on “sexual services” in one 15-month period.

Since his diagnosis, Sheen indicated he had unprotected sex with two women under his doctor’s care. Though this has raised a lot of concern, the doctor explains that it is highly unlikely that he infected the two. Currently, the Hollywood sensation is under treatment on strong anti-viral drugs, four pills daily, that have suppressed the virus to a point that he is completely healthy according to his doctor, Huizenga. Sheen says he has never missed his daily medication even in difficult moments when struggling with depression and substance abuse. Backing up this statement, his doctor indicated that Sheen undergoes medical tests every 3-4 months and results indicate that his viral load is at low levels.

Usual ups and downs

Sheen, whose fame as a Hollywood bad-boy matches his fame as an actor, may be struggling with his ups and downs, but you can still remember him from featured roles in films “Wall Street” and “Eight Men Out.” That fame was eclipsed by his 2011 meltdown in which he publicly lashed out at the creator of “Two and A Half Men,” while publicly admitting his lust for drugs and prostitutes. Sheen has been to a rehab clinic twice and lived with three women at one point, seemingly proud of his womanizing and drug taking.  Sheen repeated some of these claims when interviewed in 2016 by Dan Wootton of The Sun.

HIV is a tough blow, but Sheen is healthy and could live a long life with the drugs he is taking. An early diagnosis and a quick viral management response are critical to managing HIV, doctors say. Sheen has even said he finds relief in his newfound lifestyle of not chasing after sexual conquests all the time.

References:

https://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/17/health/charlie-sheen-health/index.html

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-3647680/I-drunk-bored-Charlie-Sheen-admits-caught-HIV-two-times-unprotected-sex.html

Diet Options for Diabetes Type 1

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John

Doctors and specialists typically provide several dietary recommendations to patients with Type 1 diabetes. These recommendations ensure the insulin injections received are sufficient to digest the patient’s food intake. In turn, this helps to maintain a regular blood glucose level that is as close as possible to normal values. The nutritional recommendations vary from one patient to another, based on their specific status and hence requires collaboration between the patient’s physician and the dietitian.

General Guidelines for the Dietary Plan

The dietary plan for diabetes patients needs to be set such that it maintains the key health parameters within the recommended values by ADA. For example, blood pressure needs to be maintained below 140/80mmHg. LDL cholesterol needs to be below 100mg/dL and HDL cholesterol to be greater than 40mg/dL for men and 50mg/dL for women. The plan should also provide the patient with tips to do their own meal planning. This will help them accept the changes as part of their new routine.

Intake of Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins

Determining the optimal intake of macronutrients is critical when setting up the dietary plan for Type 1 Diabetic patients. This is because the intake of macronutrients, especially carbohydrates, directly affects their blood glucose level. It is then essential to provide the patient with clear guidelines on how they can monitor their intake of these macronutrients and help them balance their diet.

The optimum intake of carbohydrates is about 3-4 servings per day, distributed between the meals, each of which is 15 grams (carbohydrates/serving). Although it may slightly vary according to the overall calorie intake that depends on the patient’s weight, age, gender, and general health, it remains within the same range. Certain foods are classified as having a low glycemic index, which means that they are high in fibers and take longer to be absorbed as glucose into the bloodstream. This directly helps regulate the glucose levels in the blood. Hence, fruits and vegetable with no starch content are highly recommended to be included in the patient’s dietary plan. Whole grains, nuts, and legumes are also crucial and should replace refined grain products and high-starch carbohydrates.

The intake of fats, on the other hand, needs to be focused on polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats. Vegetable oils should be used instead of butter and margarine. Avoiding trans fats and limiting the intake of saturated fats is also critical to maintain a healthy dietary plan. Omega-3 fats need to constitute an important proportion of the daily intake due to their numerous advantages. These fatty acids are present in fish, soybean oil and walnuts.

The guidelines for protein intake can be quite challenging to set, as the recommended protein intake would depend on the complication associated with diabetes. For example, patients with Diabetic Nephropathy (kidney diseases) should maintain the intake of a protein similar to normal individuals in order not to affect the ongoing kidney functions. As a rule of thumb, foods rich in the essential amino acids should generally cover 50-75% of protein intake to ensure maximum benefit.

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279012/

Follicular Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

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John

Follicular Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is the most common type of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma as it makes up around 20-30% of its occurrences. It occurs when the cancerous cells form circular clusters on the lymph nodes, thereby replacing the normal structure of the nodes, but it may also affect the bone marrow or spleen. It is characterized by its slow growth rate, and hence it is typically diagnosed in patients at 50 years of age or more. The unique thing about this type of Lymphoma is that it may not need a particular treatment, yet it is quite hard to cure. This is because by the time it is discovered, the patient is already at Stage 3 or 4 and has multiple cancerous tumors in different parts of the body. It may even evolve into a more aggressive type known as Diffuse Large B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

 

Fibromyalgia

Endoscopy: The Latest Technologies

Written By: Alexandra Waller
admin
endoscopy

Image: Pexels

An endoscopy is a procedure that uses a tool called an endoscope. The endoscope is an important instrument that allows doctors to look inside the body and perform certain kinds of surgery. Many scopes are thin and hollow tubes. These usually have a light or a camera at the end so doctors can perform a detailed examination. The specific kind of endoscope used depends on the part of the body that is being examined. The endoscope is either placed in the mouth, anus, or urethra.

For a detailed list and explanations of the different types of endoscopies, visit the American Cancer Society site. Specifically, the various endoscopies include: anthroscopy, bronchoscopy, colonoscopy, cystoscopy, enteroscopy, hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, laryngoscopy, mediastinoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, thoracoscopy, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and ureteroscopy.

What’s new?

There are always new endoscopy technological updates. Newer technologies allow for high-definition imaging to create detailed images. The following are a few of the latest endoscopy technologies.

Chromoendoscopy

Chromoendoscopy uses a specialized stain or dye on the lining of the intestine. This technique is performed as an endoscopy procedure. The dye assists doctors by making it easier to see if there is anything wrong on the intestinal lining.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

ERCP helps diagnose or treat problems associated with the bile and pancreatic ducts by combining X-rays with upper GI endoscopy.

Capsule endoscopy

This updated method is exactly how it sounds. Capsule endoscopy is a process in which a patient swallows a small capsule that has a small camera inside. The pill passes through the digestive tract and sends thousands of images of the intestines to the doctor’s monitor. A capsule endoscopy is a great option because it does not cause any discomfort to the patient.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

EUS is a process that involves both an ultrasound and an endoscopy. Doctors use an EUS to view organs and other structures of the body that can not be seen during a regular endoscopy. A needle is inserted into the organ or structure to collect some tissue for analysis during a process called fine needle aspiration.

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)

EMR is a process that helps doctors remove cancerous tissue from the digestive tract. A needle is put through the endoscope and a liquid injection is sent underneath the abnormal tissue. This technique helps separate cancerous tissue from the other layers of tissue, which makes it easier to remove the abnormal tissues.

Narrow band imaging (NBI)

NBI helps doctors use a certain kind of filter to create a contrast between vessels and the inner lining of the digestive tract.

Preparation for an Endoscopy

Preparation for an endoscopy is pretty straight forward. Preparing for the different endoscopies requires a similar process. Your doctor will recommend that you avoid eating or drinking for several hours before the procedure. You will also need to inform your doctor of other medications you are taking. For example, you will need to stop taking blood-thinning medications several days before the endoscopy. Stop taking blood-thinning medications so that there will be a reduced risk of bleeding during and after the endoscopy. If you have more questions or concerns about which medications you should stop taking before the procedure, speak to your doctor.

Another step during preparation includes taking a laxative to clean out your bowels. However, this step is only required for certain kinds of endoscopy, such as a colonoscopy.

After an Endoscopy

After an edoscopy is performed, the patient can go home the same day. Your doctor will properly treat your wounds, if you have any, and inform you of the steps necessary towards recovery. It is important to have someone who you trust to drive you home because the effects of sedation do not immediately wear off. You may feel slightly uncomfortable, but you should not be experiencing any extreme side effects. If you feel any extreme side effects after several days, you will need to talk to your doctor.

Results will vary, depending on your condition. Your doctor will inform you about whether your results come out positive or negative.

Risks

During any medical procedure there are always risks. However, endoscopy has lower risks than open surgery. Risks from an endoscopy includes bleeding, infection, chest pain, damage to the organs, fever, pain that persists over time in the area of the endoscopy, and/or redness and swelling. The risks depend on the location of the endoscopy and the patient’s condition. If you are experiencing any chronic or extreme symptoms, it is important to contact your doctor. However, the procedure is overall very safe.

Symptoms and Signs of HIV/AIDS

Written By: admin
John

In the early stages (stage 1 HIV infection)– the first 2 to 4 weeks after infection–flu-like symptoms are possible, including:

  • Night Sweats
  • Fevers and chills
  • Headaches
  • Upset stomach
  • A sore throat
  • Body fatigue
  • Muscle aches
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Rash
  • Mouth ulcers

The truth, however, is that many people may not show these signs at all in the early stages of infection. In other words, these symptoms may be as a result of many other illnesses. That is why it is necessary to get tested regularly every time you feel you are at risk. In the event you get in direct contact with such fluids like blood, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, semen, breast milk, and pre-seminal fluid, involved in unprotected vaginal or anal sex, been sexually assaulted, or shared sharp objects like needles and razors with an infected person, then you immediately need to get tested.

It is usually not possible to detect if you are infected in the very first few days unless a recent nucleic acid test is used, which is otherwise expensive and often not used in regular HIV tests. Just wait between 3 and 12 weeks then get tested and can be sure if you are indeed infected or not.

During the latency stage, 4-months to 10-years, after the first stage of infection, many victims start feeling healthier, but that does not mean the virus is gone. During this period, the virus is active and damaging new cells in the body.

After the latency stage, the virus has destroyed your immune system, and the body becomes too weak to fight against possible infections by viruses, bacteria or fungi. In such a case, the disease has moved from HIV to AIDS. The following symptoms are then likely to exhibit;

  • Severe diarrhea
  • Significant weight loss
  • Fever
  • Persistent coughs
  • Skin and mouth ulcers
  • Frequent infections and illnesses
  • Night Sweats

These signs also don’t prove that you are HIV positive until you are tested. In case you are diagnosed with the virus, take your medication correctly and seriously. Combination therapy has dramatically improved the survival rates of victims hence no need to worry. The lifespan of infected individuals undergoing proper and regular treatment is not any different from a person that is not infected since it allows the victim to remain in the clinical latency stage even for decades!

https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/symptoms-women

https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/do-i-have-hiv#1

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315928.php

https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/symptoms-men#advanced-infection

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024732/

What is Hypothyroidism?

Written By: admin
John

Hypothyroidism is the process where the thyroid gland does not produce enough Thyroid Hormone. This results in weight gain due to slow metabolism.

On top of significant weight gain, people suffering from Hypothyroidism may experience tiredness, constipation and even depression. Hypothyroidism is also perceived to be a factor in a person being overweight or obese.

Statistics in the United States show that approximately 10 Million people are affected by Hypothyroidism. It is also said that around 10% of women suffer from thyroid hormone deficiency.

Another condition associated with Hyperthyroidism is Thyroiditis. This happens when the Thyroid Gland becomes inflamed.

Thyroiditis has three common types namely Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis, De Quervain’s Thyroiditis, and Silent Thyroiditis. The symptoms for Hypothyroidism also manifest Thyroiditis.

How Hypothyroidism Is Diagnosed

Hypothyroidism cannot be treated without an initial diagnosis, which needs to be made by a licensed physician. The physician will start by discussing the patient’s symptoms with them and take a look at their medical history. Questions regarding the presence of Thyroid-related conditions in the patient’s family also needs to be addressed. The physician may also conduct a physical exam on the patient.

If Hypothyroidism is suspected, the physician needs to order certain blood tests to get a reading on how well the patient’s Thyroid is currently producing hormones. This is also known as Thyroid function testing. There are different tests that may be used to determine the presence of Hypothyroidism, as well as the severity.

The most popular blood tests used for the diagnosis of Hypothyroidism is to determine the levels of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) and T4 (Thyroxine) in the patient’s blood. In most cases, serum free T4 will be tested as this will provide the physician with a more accurate overview of Thyroid hormone production at the current stage of Hypothyroidism. These test results will also be used to determine how low the patient’s Thyroid hormone levels are, which will help to prescribe a more accurate dosage of drugs to treat the condition.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221541/

Fibromyalgia

What are the Different Blood Types?

Written By: Alexandra Waller
admin
blood types

Image: Pexels

Blood is composed of several things: it contains red blood cells as well as white blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells help fight infection. Blood also includes platelets, which is involved in blood clotting.

Additionally, there are antigens. Antigens are the things that give blood its type. Antigens are composed of proteins and sugars that sit on red blood cells. There are 33 blood typing systems, but only two are most commonly known: the ABO and the Rh-positive/Rh-negative blood groups. People are probably most familiar with these types because they include the eight common blood types: A-positive, A-negative, B-positive, B-negative, AB-positive, AB-negative, O-positive, and O-negative. If you are interested in learning more about blood types, continue reading below for more information.

Different Blood Types

As discussed previously, there are eight major blood types. However, these types can be categorized based on their groups, including the group A, group B, group AB, and group O. In addition to these groups, there is also the Rh factor. Blood types are determined by whether or not antigens are absent or present on the red blood cell. In addition, genetics play an important role in determining what your blood type is. Below we will go into more detail about each blood type system and group.

ABO System

In group A, the red blood cells have the A antigen. In group B, the red blood cells have the B antigen. Group AB includes the red blood cells that have both the A and B antigens. And lastly, you guessed it, in group O the red blood cells have neither A nor B antigens. The ABO system is an important way to determine your blood type by analyzing what antigens are associated with your red blood cells.

Rh System

The Rh system also deals with the kind of antigens on your red blood cells. If you have the antigen RhD on your red blood cells, then you are Rh-positive. However, if there are no RhD antigens present, then you are Rh-negative.

Other Systems

The ABO and Rh systems are more commonly known. There are about thirty more blood typing systems that allow us to categorize our blood types. The blood group systems that are most clinically important are the Kell, Kidd, and Duffy systems. These systems also rely on the examination of which group of antigens are on the red blood cells.

Why are Blood Types Important?

Not all blood types are the same. Distinguishing blood types is a very important process, especially during a transfusion. Transfusions occur when a recipient needs blood. Only certain blood types can work well together, which is why both donor and recipient need to have their blood types established.

For example, if someone has blood type A it is necessary that the individual does not receive blood type B. The plasma has antibodies that will destroy the antigens it is not familiar with. So, when the B antigens are introduced to the A antigens, the antibodies will destroy the B antigens. Type O patients have antibodies that will fight against both A and B antigens. Type AB patients do not have these kinds of fighting antibodies because they already contain both A and B antigens. This means that people who have the blood type AB can receive transfusions from all blood types.

The rarest blood types include AB-negative (around 1% of Americans), B-negative (2% of Americans), and AB-positive (4% of Americans). On the other hand, the most common blood types are A-positive (34% of Americans) and O-positive (37% of Americans).

There are also universal donors. Universal patients are people who have a universal blood type. This simply means that these donors can transfer their blood to any type. Blood types O- and Rh-negative can be used in all patients during transfusion. Also, there are universal patients. Unlike universal donors, universal patients can receive any type of blood. These patients have the AB-positive blood type.

When transferring blood from donor to patient it is important to find a match. Blood type categories allow for a smoother process of transfusions. A patient can have a dangerous reaction to the transfusion if they are not matched properly.

What is Your Blood Type?

If you do not know your blood type, you can simply contact your doctor or donate blood to find out. Blood types are easily determined. Your doctor or health care professional can determine your blood type by combining your blood with a reagent with antibodies. For more information about blood types, visit the American Red Cross site.

Signs and Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Written By: admin
John

There are numerous signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism. Most are treatable with thyroid hormone replacement.

Weight Gain

Since the lack of thyroid hormones slows down metabolism, weight gain is inevitable in this type of condition. This causes the body to convert calories into fat which becomes stored in the organs and muscles. Most times, even the most health-conscious and active people have a hard time managing their weight when affected by Hypothyroidism. Lifestyle changes sometimes aren’t enough and consulting your physician might be what’s best.

Fatigue

This one is an obvious second once weight gain kicks in. People affected by Hypothyroidism usually feel drained even at the start of the day. The thyroid hormone is responsible for controlling energy balance which means the lack of such can cause imbalances in one’s energy levels. A good example of this are animals that go through hibernation. They experience low thyroid levels which is why they are capable of long periods of sleep in order to recover. Hypothyroidism can also cause mental fatigue which hampers the body’s ability to think straight.

Mental Fogginess

Since the feeling of fatigue can also happen mentally, this might explain why people affected by Hypothyroidism have problems concentrating or creating a trend of thought.
There aren’t many explanations yet when it comes to mental fogginess except for mental fatigue. However, a study conducted on individuals with Hypothyroidism showed that 22% had difficulties doing everyday math while 36% were thinking slower. 39% of them reported having poorer memory.

Chills

The thyroid hormone is also responsible for regulating body temperature. This is the reason why when metabolic rate is high, so is the body temperature as it burns the calories in the food you consume. The thyroid hormone is responsible for the body’s brown fat to regulate heat. In the case of Hypothyroidism, the body’s brown fat is prevented from functioning thus, causing the person to feel cold even in a warmer environment. About 40% of individuals with Hypothyroidism became more sensitive to colder environments.

Muscle and Joint Pain

Low levels of thyroid hormone mess up a person’s metabolism. Combined with the lack of activity caused by fatigue, the muscle tends to deteriorate causing weakness. The body experiences a huge drop in metabolic rate leading to Catabolism. This causes the breakdown of muscle tissue causing it to ache. Individuals with Hypothyroidism can also experience cramping at times. The intake of Thyroid hormones such as Levothyroxine is said to decrease muscle and joint pain as well as bring back its strength.

Balding or Hair Loss

One of the many functions of the Thyroid hormone is to regulate hair follicles. Its short lifespan and high turnover rate make them more sensitive to the effects of the lack of thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism causes the hair follicles to stop regenerating but is treatable once the thyroid problem is addressed.

Dry skin

Both hair and skin contain the pigment called Melanin. Their similarities in components make them both susceptible to the effects of low thyroid hormone levels. The skin serves as the body’s vanguard from the external environment. This means that since the normal cycle for skin regeneration becomes slowed down, it will take longer for dead skin to be shed leaving the outer layer dry. 50% of people with Hypothyroidism have noticed dryness and itchiness in their skin.

Depression

There is no concrete study on low thyroid hormones causing depression however, it can be associated with other symptoms of Hypothyroidism such as weight gain and fatigue. There is also a connection between hypothyroidism and depression caused by a decrease in sex drive. Studies show that a majority of men and women suffering from Hypothyroidism are also suffering from anxiety and depression.

Causes of Hypothyroidism

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John

Hypothyroidism is basically caused by the lack of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. However, acquiring such condition may have specific causes in some cases. There are thyroid-related conditions which lead to Hypothyroidism itself such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

This happens when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. What happens is that the immune system mistakenly identifies thyroid cells as a threat to the body. The inflammation caused by Hashimoto’s disease causes the thyroid gland to underperform. Then, the thyroid tissue gradually decays which hamper’s the gland’s ability to produce hormones.

Women are more prone to Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis than men. 10 million people living in the United States alone are affected by Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis with 10% of them being women over the age of 30.

Thyroidectomy

Thyroidectomy is the process of removing a part of the thyroid gland. In some serious cases, the removal of the entire gland is required. The process can be done by means of surgery, or Radioactive Iodine, which is commonly used for an overactive thyroid. This process usually flips the switch towards an underactive thyroid depending on how much of the gland was removed.

This process is usually done for cases such as Goiter and Thyroid cancer.

Iodine deficiency

Iodine is essential in the creation of thyroid hormones. Any deficit of the trace element can cause the gland to underproduce.
There must be a balance in your iodine intake in order to avoid thyroid related-problems. The lack of iodine intake could also cause Goiter, which would require Thyroidectomy to remove.

Central Hypothyroidism

Although a very rare case, the pituitary gland, and hypothalamus can sometimes cause Hypothyroidism. Their hormonal production can influence how the thyroid gland functions. All three glands are part of the endocrine system which may explain why their function can influence each other.

Medication

Hyperthyroid medication is designed to slow down the production of thyroid hormones. A high dose can cause the thyroid gland to slow down its production of the thyroid hormone which might cause Hypothyroidism.

Drugs used to treat mental illnesses, especially those with Lithium can also cause Hypothyroidism.

Obesity

The majority of publications that provide details on how Hypothyroidism is linked to obesity tend to list obesity to being secondary to Hypothyroidism. While there is validity to such claims, as weight gain is one of the most common symptoms associated with an underactive Thyroid, an opposite connection may also exist. One study explains that obesity causes leptin levels to increase – and, in turn, elevated leptin levels may contribute to the development of autoimmune Hypothyroidism.

How to Treat Hypothyroidism

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John

Since Hypothyroidism means the body has a lack of Thyroid hormones, the most appropriate way to treat the condition is to replace these hormones. This is why the use of Thyroid hormone therapy, also known as Thyroid Hormone Replacement therapy, is the most common approach to the treatment of Hypothyroidism today.

There are different options available when it comes to treating Hypothyroidism with this type of medication. The most common prescription drugs used to treat the condition is known as Levothyroxine, a synthetic replacement for Thyroxine, or T4, the “inactive” Thyroid hormone that the body converts to Triiodothyronine or T3. Levothyroxine is also often used in cases of Thyroid Cancer and where a Goiter has developed in a patient.

The drug comes in different dosages or strengths depending on how much a patient needs. The prescribing physician will use the test results obtained during the diagnosis of the condition to determine the most appropriate dosage of the medication for a patient.

In the majority of cases, the initial dosage of Levothyroxine prescribed to a patient will not provide the most effective results. The condition is complex, and treatment can be complicated. This is also why most patients will have to undergo additional testing on a regular basis when they are only started on Levothyroxine medication. These tests will be used to determine how well the medication is working. A physician will also use the test results to determine if any adjustments to the medication are needed to better treat the patient’s Hypothyroidism.

Levothyroxine has not been linked to any major interactions with existing prescription medication, over-the-counter medication, and supplements that a patient may already be taken. It is also considered one of the safest and most effective ways to treat this condition in modern medicine.

Some recent studies have also suggested that combination therapy may yield more effective results as compared to monotherapy with levothyroxine alone. These studies primarily focus on the use of liothyronine, a synthetic type of triiodothyronine, the more potent Thyroid hormone. The combination of these two drugs helps to increase levels of both Thyroid hormones in the patient’s body at the same time.

Causes of HIV/AIDS

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John

According to the history of HIV and AIDS, it is suspected that HIV originated from chimpanzees where the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) got into human beings after consuming infected meat from chimpanzees. The virus then mutated to become HIV that causes Aids and spread from one person to another over time.

HIV virus causes AIDS, and one can’t be said to have AIDS without HIV. There are two types of HIV viruses that cause AIDS; HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the common one in many parts of the world with HIV-2 only reported in some parts of West Africa. The two viruses insert the DNA-genes into the DNA of CD4 cells of the infected person infecting them for the rest of their lives. They continue replicating and multiplying while damaging the immune system gradually until the body is too weak to resist infections and certain cancers.

HIV-1 virus attacks the CD4 cells, uses them to replicate then destroys them hence weakening the immune system gradually as more of the cells are damaged. Once a significant number of the CD4 cells are damaged, the condition progresses to AIDS which is more severe and life-threatening.

How infection occurs

  • If they share sharp objects like needles, tattoo piercings, drug injections with infected individuals
  • During childbirth from mother to child when the baby is exposed to the infected blood
  • From mother to child through breastfeeding
  • When there is an exchange of fluids during vaginal or anal sex
  • During oral sex in case of blood in saliva or bleeding wounds in the mouth

Once correctly tested and diagnosed of the virus, the doctor will prescribe the right medication depending with the type of virus then the drugs will work to help lower the ability of the virus to replicate and multiply. This will also help in preventing the advancement of the infection to AIDS.

https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids#causes-of-hiv 

https://www.health24.com/Medical/HIV-AIDS/Overview/What-are-the-causes-of-HIVAids-20130205

https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/understanding-aids-hiv-basics#1

https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/history#1981-1990s

How to Treat Type 1 Diabetes Naturally

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John

Treatment of diabetes naturally involves disciplined Diabetes Self-Management. Once a patient is diagnosed, the doctor should implement diabetes self-management education (DSME) and support. DSME involves lifestyle management, frequent medical checkups, and other forms of care like counseling.

  • Lifestyle management.
    • Dietary Considerations. Individuals with T1D need to watch out that they eat since they can suffer from hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. There is no one meal plan or one superfood that will work for everyone. A patient’s nutritional plan should be drafted together with a dietitian.
    • Physical activity. Exercise has been proven in helping regulate glucose. Diagnosed T1D individuals should be careful in overexerting themselves as glucose can drop and lead to hypoglycemia.
    • Alcohol consumption. Women are advised not to have more than one drink per day while men should only have two drinks per day.
    • Smoking. Tobacco smoking and e-cigarette smoking should be stopped. There is an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients who have T1D.
  • Medical checkups. Patients should have regularly scheduled visits to their doctor. This will depend on the doctor’s recommendation. The American Diabetics Association has also urged patients to seek help whenever they notice any new symptoms with their disease.
  • Psychosocial care. T1D is a complicated disease, especially for children and adolescents. It can make them feel limited so doctors should include a support system for patients including attending a support group for their care.
  • Self-monitoring. Patients should also monitor their blood glucose levels by themselves. Reports have shown that patients who monitor their blood glucose levels experience fewer hypoglycemic episodes.
  • Herbal supplements. A lot of research is ongoing in the possibility of beta cell regeneration which can be triggered by a lot of naturally occurring compounds. Beta cell regeneration is essential in the fight against T1D as beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin that regulates glucose. Some herbal supplements that have provided mechanistic evidence against T1D are L-arginine commonly found in flaxseed, cinnamon, bitter melon, ginseng, curcumin found in turmeric, genistein from soy, and honey.

References:

http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1/S38

https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/managing/eat-well.html

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-treatment#d12

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-treatment#d6

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380133/

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/10-natural-substances-may-help-cure-type-1-diabetes

How to Treat Type 1 Diabetes

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John

Insulin therapy remains to be the most effective therapeutic treatment for Type 1 diabetes (T1). For individuals with T1D, making sure that the body produces insulin remains a cornerstone for longevity. If a person can continue producing their own insulin, it usually means fewer complications later in life. Administration of insulin varies differently though. Effects can also greatly vary. Doctors prescribe insulin depending on the patient’s needs. Some patients require basal insulin or insulin that stays in the blood longer even in periods of fasting.

These are the most common antidiabetics that are prescribed to T1D patients right now:

  • Insulin Aspart, Insulin glulisine, Insulin lispro. These types of insulin have a rapid onset of within 5-15 minutes and duration usually last from 2-4 hours. They can be used in insulin pumps.
  • Insulin inhaled. This insulin is in powder form. The onset of the drugs is within 12-15 minutes and duration of 180 minutes.
  • Regular Insulin. It has a short onset of 30 minutes and can last 5-8 hours.
  • Insulin demeter. For individuals who require longer-acting insulin, insulin demeter is the one that is prescribed. It is administered subcutaneously and can last from five hours to 23 hours depending on the dosage.
  • Insulin degludec. This is also for individuals who need a basal insulin. It can last from 25 to 42 hours.

There are also other treatments available like:

  • Amylinomimetics like Pramlintide acetate. Pramlintide acetate like Symlin works in three ways. It limits the production of glucagon, so your liver does not release glucose into the bloodstream. It slows down the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine. It also suppresses appetite by making the patient feel full. Through these actions, it lowers down the glucose in the bloodstream.
  • Hypoglycemia Antidotes like Glucagon. For those who also suffer from hypoglycemia, doctors give Glucagon prescriptions. It increases glucose production in the liver and in the heart to prevent any complications.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380133/

http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/medication/insulin/insulin-routines.html

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-medication#showall

https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/basal-insulin-types-benefits-dosage-side-effects#2

https://www.symlin.com/considering-symlin/how-symlin-works.html

Is Type 1 Diabetes Contagious?

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John

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is not a contagious disease although it is one of the myths that commonly surround patients who suffer from it. Doctors and scientists are still stumped about the exact cause of Type 1 diabetes, but it is not something you can catch or something that gets spread like a bacterial or viral infection.

Researchers think the causes of T1D are genetics and environmental factors or sometimes both. Patients, however, suffer from the stigma that they have a character flaw because most people think it is because of their lifestyle choices. Eighty-one percent of those surveyed believed that diabetes is because of a person’s failure to take care of themselves. Another common misconception is that all types of diabetes are the same and that it is a contagious disease. The stigma surrounding these myths only lead to negative feelings for the patients in terms of their emotional and social lives.

What patients need especially for managing chronic illnesses like diabetes, whether it is Type 1 or Type 1, is a steady support structure for successful diabetes management.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971288/

http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/myths/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5241772/

http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1/S38

Can Type 1 Diabetes be Cured?

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John

Type 1 Diabetes is a highly manageable illness, but it currently has no cure. Patients who are diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes need insulin and a well-crafted diet plan by a licensed dietitian. Constant care and regular check-ups are essential to managing this disease.

Complications, which eventually lead to death, usually arise when the patient does not adhere to the advice of their doctor. Statistics show that sixty percent of patients are able to live long and productive lives; the rest suffer from a lot of complications including retinopathy (eye disease which can lead to blindness), gastroparesis (inability of the stomach to move food), neuropathy, and end-stage renal disease to name a few.

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), survival rests solely on how well the patient can follow their prescribed plan. Most patients who do not develop any complications within 10-20 years can live long healthy lives. Factors like motivation, awareness, intelligence level and the patient’s education usually determine the survival rate of Type 1 Diabetes.

As of this writing, new and exciting research is being done to prevent and cure Diabetes. JDRF Australia is working on a cure that aims to allow the body to produce insulin and for the body to stop attacking its own B-cells. Another cure that is being worked on is enhancing the survival of B-cells so that they can be transplanted to diagnosed patients. In terms of prevention, since testing can now be done for an individual’s genetic risk, diet modifications have been found to delay the onset of diabetes to at least five years.

So, while the disease cannot be prevented or cured yet, it can definitely be managed. Continuous research has also expanded the understanding of the disease and doctors and scientists are using that knowledge to develop a cure.

References:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-treatment

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343332/

https://www.jdrf.org.au/research/curing-type-1-diabetes

http://www.diabetes.org/research-and-practice/we-are-research-leaders/type-1-research-highlights/?loc=rp-slabnav

How Many Cases of Type 1 Diabetes Are There?

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John

Type 1 diabetes affects the global population. The highest cases are reported in Finland where there are more than 60 cases for every 100,00 people each year. Sardinia has the second highest number of cases with 40 cases per 100,000 people every year. In the United States, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) reports that 1.25 million Americans are affected by the disease with 40,000 more newly diagnosed annually. Countries like China, India, and Venezuela report the lowest cases of Type 1 diabetes. On a worldwide scale though, the disease has steadily increased from 1989-2003. The United Nations has named the disease as an epidemic.

The incident of males diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes is more significant in men with European origin than in females of the same with a ratio of 3:2. For populations that show the highest risk, there tend to be more cases of boys and young men being diagnosed. This number is evened out in low-risk populations. Type 1 diabetes is the only autoimmune disease that occurs less likely in women even those within child-bearing age. Children and adolescents are the ones affected by Type 1 diabetes though with over 1 million diagnosed. It is one of the most prevalent illnesses in children. Case studies also show that among children diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes many are born in spring.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380133/

http://www.diabetes.org/research-and-practice/we-are-research-leaders/type-1-research-highlights/investments-in-type-1-diabetes.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4971288/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11206408

http://www.diabetesatlas.org/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380133/

Causes of Type 1 Diabetes

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John

The cause of Type 1 diabetes is not yet certain, but researchers have identified trigger factors to the disease.

Genetics

T1D is a genetic disorder. To date, scientists have been able to identify forty markers that can trigger the disease in individuals. These genetic markers are hypothesized to be related to the body’s immune response. Researchers are hypothesizing that an insulin gene has several variations that may start the attack of the pancreatic B-cells. Although still unclear, the genetic association can account for family history. Identical twins are more likely going to have the same diagnosis when they reach 40 at least more than 50% of the time. If both parents have T1D, children are at risk 30% of the time. If fathers have T1D, the risk is at 6% while it drops to 3% when it is the mother who has it.

While T1D crosses ethnic and racial lines, it is more prevalent among European populations, and scientists attribute this to several genes that these populations share with each other.

Viral infections

Genetics can provide susceptibility while viral infections can trigger it. This should not mean that T1D is contagious. What it means is that people who are already at risk there is possibly a viral infection can trigger it. A lot of studies have shown that an increase in diagnosed T1D usually follows enterovirus outbreaks, especially with the coxsackievirus. Having the antibodies to the coxsackievirus has been noted to increase B-cell autoimmunity. Other viral infections have also been investigated, but none showed a stronger correlation than enteroviruses.

Respiratory infections among children can also be a risk for T1D. In one study, children who had shown the islet antibodies which is a prelude to T1D have at least one to two respiratory infections in the first year of their lives. It is unclear whether the antibodies from the respiratory infection affected the autoimmunity.

Environmental factors

Before the development of T1D, it has been proposed that patients might already have prediabetes. In prediabetes, blood sugar is higher than normal but still not enough to be classified as diabetes. For individuals who might have T1D but are still in prediabetes, there will be the presence of two or more antibodies. Prediabetes has been significant in the study of T1D causes. Scientists were able to compare the gut bacteria of individuals with prediabetes and those with T1D and found that their microbiomes are less diverse than in healthy individuals.

The rise in T1D cases in the past decades seems to suggest that changes in diet, lifestyle, drugs, and medication may affect the gut microbiota which is part of the development of T1D. Each person has a unique gut ecosystem, but diet is one of the major factors that can influence the gut. If a person switches their diet so does their microbiomes. Other factors that can affect the gut are culture and location. Whether gut bacteria affect, autoimmunity is still being researched right now.

Myths

There are some myths surrounding T1D. Some people think that dietary and lifestyle changes are enough to combat it. While diet and lifestyle changes can increase the risk of T1D manifesting early, scientists think it is about epigenetics. An individual is predisposed to the disease, and environmental factors cause the gene to manifest itself. So, it is a myth that diet and lack of exercise alone trigger all forms of diabetes. You are not going to develop T1D if you have an unhealthy lifestyle without any predisposition; however, your chances of developing Type 2 diabetes might increase.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380133/

https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/type1.html

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-overview?src=refgatesrc1#a4

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5348720/

http://www.jdrf.org/about/what-is-t1d/causes/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26729037/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26051037

http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/myths/

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

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John

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has several symptoms that you need to watch out for:

  • Polyuria. Polyuria is frequent urination often in huge amounts. Because glucose cannot be controlled in people who have T1D, the excess glucose is often dumped in the urine. Glucose is diuretic; it draws large quantities of water. Polyuria is often paired with polydipsia.
  • Polydipsia. When an individual feels exceptionally thirsty and has a dry mouth, they might have polydipsia. Thirstiness can be caused by hyperglycemia or excessive sugar in the bloodstream. Remember that polydipsia is not just regular thirst. Some patients consume as much as five liters a day but still feel thirsty.
  • Polyphagia. Polyphagia is increased appetite or increased hunger. It is often caused by hyperglycemia. Without insulin to control high amounts of sugar in the bloodstreambloodstream, the cells cannot get energy. This deprivation triggers the hunger mechanism in the brain. It tricks the body into believing that it is hungry.
  • Unexplained weight loss. Individuals with T1D often experience unexplained weight loss regardless of food intake. When glucose does not enter the cells, the cells cannot maintain mass which explains the weight loss.

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are the top three symptoms of diabetes whether it is type 1 or type 2. Only unexplained weight loss is a sign of T1D. During testing though, what differentiates T1D is the presence of autoantibodies that destroys B-cells in the pancreas.

Other symptoms of T1D include:

  • Blurred vision
  • Extreme tiredness
  • Genital itching
  • Slow healing of wounds
  • Unexpected cramping

The onset of these symptoms though would already mean the beginning of full-blown T1D. As of this writing, T1D cannot be cured or reversed. If a family member has been diagnosed with diabetes though, you need to start getting pre-screened for T1D because of its strong link to genetic factors. Get yourself tested as early as possible. Many individuals who have T1D are thought to have autoantibodies. These are the tests that doctors often do to determine T1D:

  • Hemoglobin AIC. Your glucose level is measured for the past three months through the blood.
  • Fasting Plasma Glucose. You need to fast for at least 8 hours to measure your blood glucose level.
  • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. You are given a sweet drink, and your blood sugar is measured two hours before and after.
  • Random Plasma Glucose Test. It can happen any time of the day.
  • Antibodies Testing: Insulin Autoantibodies, Insulinoma-Associated-2 Autoantibodies, Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8Ab), Islet Cell Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibodies. An individual is tested for antibodies that destroy insulin or the enzymes that produce insulin.
  • C-peptide Test. Lower peptide levels can mean T1D.

References:

https://www.jdrf.org.au/type-1-diabetes/symptoms

https://www.diabetes.co.uk/symptoms/polyuria.html

https://www.diabetes.co.uk/symptoms/polydipsia.html

https://www.diabetes.co.uk/symptoms/polyphagia.html

https://www.diabetes.co.uk/symptoms/unexplained-weight-loss.html

http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/diagnosis/?loc=db-slabnav

http://www.jdrf.org/about/what-is-t1d/diagnosis/

What You Need to Know About Type 1 Diabetes

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John

According to the International Diabetes Federation, there are approximately 425 million people in the world who have diabetes. But, not all diabetes is the same. Most people have diagnosed or undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes but among children and adolescents, Type 1 diabetes is more prevalent. It is estimated that there are 1 million children and adolescents who are afflicted with this form of diabetes.

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the beta cells in the pancreas. The pancreas is a crucial organ in digesting and regulating sugar. When the immune system attacks the beta cells or the B cells of the pancreas, it strips away the pancreas’s ability to produce insulin. Without insulin, glucose cannot be used by the body for cellular activity. Essentially, the loss of insulin means losing the energy supply our cells need to function. The onset of T1D usually happens when most of the beta cells have been destroyed. Thus, when patients are diagnosed, they will often need to start using insulin pumps and insulin injections right away.

While adults can still be diagnosed with T1D, it is often more common in children and adolescents. This is why it was formerly known as juvenile-onset diabetes with the age of diagnosis usually during 10-14 years old. When someone is diagnosed with T1D, doctors often educate patients to look out for:

  • Hypoglycemia. When blood sugar plunges down, the body also shuts down. Common symptoms include tremors, heart palpitations, weakness, dizziness, and hunger. Very low blood sugar can also lead to loss of consciousness. If the body gets used to hypoglycemia, the patient can develop hypoglycemia unawareness where no symptoms are detected. Eventually, the condition can lead to death.
  • Hyperglycemia. Excessive amounts of glucose in the bloodstream is also not good for you. Unlike hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia does not present any symptoms until when the blood sugar is very high. Symptoms to look out are thirstiness, frequent urination, fatigue, headache, and blurred vision. High blood sugar can cause several complications.

People with T1D are also at risk to suffer from several complications. Those diagnosed with T1D are ten times more likely to suffer from the cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction, stroke, or angina. Other complications include nephropathy, damage to the kidneys, and sometimes end-stage renal disease; neuropathy, nerve disorders that lead to problems in detecting temperature, touch, muscle movement, and heart rate; and retinopathy, problems in the blood vessels in the retina which lead to blindness.

T1D is a costly disease which one study estimates to be $14 billion annually in the United States. The management of T1D is all-encompassing and involves a whole community of doctors, dietitians, nutritionists, and physical fitness trainers.

References:

http://www.diabetesatlas.org/

https://www.jdrf.org.au/what-is-type-1-diabetes

http://columbiasurgery.org/pancreas/pancreas-and-its-functions

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117739-overview?src=refgatesrc1#a2

https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/hypoglycemia/hypoglycemia-symptoms

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4380133/

http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/27/suppl_1/s84

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: What You Need to Know

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John

When we talk about “Lymphoma,” we refer to the term used in medicine to define a group of cancer cells that develop in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system plays a vital role in the human body, as it helps to fight several diseases, viruses and infections. As stated in a report by The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, in 2013, at least 54 percent of blood cancers occurring each year is a type of lymphoma. Within those types, there is the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, which is a type of cancer that origins in the white blood cells, (or lymphocytes) which are part of the human body’s immune system. The cancer cells start growing and spreading quickly and in an uncontrolled way, affecting the person’s lymphatic system. The accumulation of cancer cells in the lymphatic system leads to the development of tumor masses.

There are two types of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (indolent or aggressive growth), each one of them have a different kind of treatment, symptoms, and diagnosis. The indolent non-Hodgkin Lymphoma spreads slowly, and its symptoms are just a few. The aggressive non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is more dangerous as it spreads quickly and its symptoms are more severe than the indolent non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. In that sense, the American Cancer Society summarizes several types of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, each one with different treatments and diagnosis, based on the classification by the World Health Organization.

It is essential to take into consideration that the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma develops, most of the time, in the lymph nodes found in organs such as the intestines, the stomach or even in the skin. However, the lymphoma may develop in several parts of the human body at the same time. It should also be acknowledged that there are certain risk factors when it comes to non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, according to the National Cancer Institute, which is: being an older person, male or white, having an inherited immune disorder, an autoimmune disease, HIV/AIDS, the Epstein-Barr virus infection, or taking immunosuppressant drugs right after an organ transplant.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/about/what-is-non-hodgkin-lymphoma.html

Symptoms of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

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John

Depending on its type, localization, and stage, the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma can produce several symptoms. There are some cases in which the patient doesn’t feel any signs or symptoms of a disease such as this until the cancer cells are spread throughout several parts of the human body. Some common signs and symptoms of the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma include, but are not limited to: enlarged lymph nodes, fever, extreme exhaustion, weight loss, and cough.

In most cases, an enlarged lymph node in the neck, armpit or groin (or even in some cases, a swollen node near the elbow, in the throat or the ears) can be a clear sign of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. It has to be taken into consideration that there are at least 600 lymph nodes in the human body and that sometimes, an enlarged lymph node can merely be the result of inflammation or other circumstances and are not in all cases a symptom or sign of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. However, if the doctor identifies an enlarged lymph node with no rational explanation (such as inflammation), non-Hodgkin Lymphoma may be the case.

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) identifies two stages for the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Each stage presents different signs and symptoms. In the “Stage A”, the patient has not experienced any of the symptoms enlisted in the “B” stage, which are the following: the person has lost at least 10% of its corporal weight six months before the diagnosis, it has high temperatures of fever (above 38°C – 100.4°F), and suffers uncontrolled and excessive sweating and chills, most of the time at night. If it’s the case, the individual has to be put under medical control immediately.

It’s important to bear in mind that there are several cases in which the individual has no symptoms of the lymphoma, and in those cases, it’s either discovered by accident by a doctor in a routine medical examination, or it’s not noticed until the person is under care for a related or unrelated disease.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

What Causes Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

Written By: admin
John

The main cause for most lymphomas is still unknown, but researchers have found out that the Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is linked to a series of risk factors. But what are the risk factors? They are factors that increase the probabilities of suffering a disease, in this case, the Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Some factors can be reduced or avoided altogether like smoking, but other factors are intrinsic to the person, for example, age or family history. Having one or even more risk factors does not necessarily mean that the person will suffer from the disease, but it does increase the odds.

Researchers found that these are some of the risk factors for the Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:

Age

Age is one of the main risk factors for NHL as most of the cases are people between 60-69 years old or older. Other types of lymphomas are more common during youth.

Race, Ethnicity, Geography

In the United States of America, Caucasians are more likely to suffer from NHL than African-American or Asians. Also, NHL is linked to more developed areas such as North America or Europe.

Gender

In most cases, the NHL is more common in men than in women. The reason is unknown.

Exposure to radiation

Studies have shown that survivors of nuclear incidents are more likely to suffer from several types of cancer including leukemia, thyroids cancer and NHL. Patients that received radiotherapy are also more likely to suffer NHL later in their lives.

Exposure to certain chemicals and drugs

Studies have also shown that some herbicides and even benzene are linked to higher probabilities of NHL. Drugs used for chemotherapy and radiotherapy may increase the chances of suffering from NHL in the future.

Infections can also cause Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Viruses can affect the lymphocytes DNA directly turning them into cancer cells, for instance, the infection by the Human T-lymphotropic virus, the human herpes virus type 8 and the Epstein-Barr virus can cause different types of lymphoma, including the NHL.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

How to treat non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Written By: admin
John

Most of the time, doctors use several different alternatives when it comes to treat a non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Immunotherapy (based on monoclonal antibodies, immune control inhibitors and T cells with CAR), with new technologies and medicines that are being tested. In some cases, the patient and the doctor may consider surgery or mother cells transplants (which are very aggressive processes, only used in severe cases).  Patients usually have to receive different treatments at the same time, depending on the type of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma they may have.

Chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:

Chemotherapy (also known as chemo) is the first and most common treatment for patients with non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and cancer overall. It consists in the use of anti-cancer medicines, usually orally or injected into the veins. It is used to limit the spread and growth of cancer cells in the human body. It is important to consider that even though chemo is mostly used in all cases of lymphoma, it will depend on the stage and type of case. It can be used as the only treatment, or it can be used in conjunction with another kind of treatment or medicines.

Radiotherapy for non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:

Radiotherapy or radiation therapy is the use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It can be used as the main treatment for the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma when the patient is in the first stage or the early days of the disease. When the patient has more developed cancer, it is more likely to be used in combination with other treatments, such as chemo.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy, or targeted therapy, is a process that targets cancer-specific genes or cells, or tissue conditions that contribute to the growth and survival of cancer. This type of treatment is used to stop the spread of cancer cells in the lymphatic system, and at the same time, it helps to limit damage to healthy cells.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/treating.html

Can Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma be cured?

Written By: admin
John

According to the American Cancer Society, patients with non-Hodgkin Lymphoma have a 70% possibility of 5-years survival rates. For the following 10-years survival rate, there is a 60% chance. Though, survival rates are only a statistic. Based on recent research and studies, the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma can be cured, with medical attention, the proper medical treatment, and balanced diets, depending on the stage and type of lymphoma the patient may have. This will also depend on the stage of the lymphoma, and how early it was discovered/diagnosed by a doctor. According to the Cancer Updates, Research, and Education (CURE) Institute, most of Hodgkin Lymphomas are curable, but science needs to develop new, more resilient and strengthened drugs in order to attack the disease more effectively.

Recalling that there are two categories of non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (indolent and aggressive, or also known as slow and fast growing), it can be said that the fast-growing lymphomas are most likely to be cured than the slow-growing lymphomas. Fast growing, or aggressive lymphomas, present more noticeable symptoms and signs, and with proper medical assistance and treatment, they can be cured. On the other hand, with the slow-growing lymphomas, or also known as indolent non-Hodgkin Lymphomas, the odds are thinner, considering that this type of lymphoma grows quite slowly and patients can be put into remission many times in their lifetime. The symptoms in this type appear rarely, and it is more difficult to diagnose. Therefore, it is more difficult (though, not impossible) to cure them. It would depend on the time the lymphoma has been in the individual’s lymphatic system, the stage or even where is located.
In conclusion, the non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is a type of cancer that can be cured (one of the few types) with proper medication, assistance, and treatment. However, the disease needs more research and further study to find more possible cures, and strengthen the already existing mechanisms and processes for more effective diagnosis and cure.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/factors-prognosis.html

How many cases of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma are there?

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John

According to the National Cancer Institute, the Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma represents 4.3% of the cancer cases and is the seventh most diagnosed type. In 2018 alone, the National Cancer Institute is expecting over 74,000 non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases, and almost 20,000 of these cases are going to be fatal. The NHL represents 3.3% of all cancer deaths.

These statistics are somewhat shocking as around 2% of men and women are likely to be diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma at some moment in their lives according to recent data. Out of 100,000 people, almost 20 are going to be diagnosed with NHL, and out of 100,000, almost six are going to die due to NHL. It was estimated that 686,042 people were suffering from Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in the USA in 2015.

Based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) data, only 71.4% of men and women suffering from Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma are going to survive for five years. It is important to mention that this study cannot determine the likelihood for every particular case as people are different and it cannot predict how the drugs and the treatment are going to affect the person.

The SEER also determined that this disease is more likely to affect men than women; it’s also more likely to affect white men and women more than any other race. It was also determined that the median age at diagnosis was 67, while in contrast, people between 20 to 34 years old only have a 3.6% probability of being diagnosed with NHL. In the same report, the median age at death by NHL was 76 years old.

On the positive side, the Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma cases have been dropping 0.7% each year in the last ten years, and the death rates have also dropped 2.2% per year in the last ten years.

https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html

Is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma contagious?

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John

Cancer in all of its types is not contagious. A healthy person can’t “catch” cancer from someone who does have cancer. There is no evidence showing that cancer can be spread neither through physical contact (touching, kissing, and sex) nor by sharing the same food or air. Even if cancer cells make it to a healthy person’s body, the immune system is going to identify and destroy these cancer cells. Even cancer-affected women can have babies without affecting their babies. One of the only cases that have been proved to make cancer more likely is the transplant of an organ of someone who was suffering or had suffered from cancer to someone else who was not suffering from cancer. The main reason for this is that patients receiving these organs are under the influence of drugs that weaken their immune system, either way; patients go through a series of tests in order to reduce cancer risks.

Scientific studies have also shown that cancer does not spread as contagious diseases do, if that were the case, we would have witnessed cancer epidemics throughout the world. The fact that some families are more likely to suffer from cancer does not necessarily mean that they “got” cancer from their relatives. There are other reasons to explain this phenomenon. Cancer and NHL develop because the DNA in the cell mutates and changes and families share the same set of genes, making these mutations or changes more likely in people with the same genes. Families are also likely to be exposed to the same chemical responsible for cancer, resulting in diseases through the family; lastly, families are also likely to share the same routines and diets, and if these are not healthy, the chance of having similar diseases increases.

The truth is that people who have cancer need to be close to other people. It is common that family members, friends, and coworkers distance themselves from anyone suffering a disease. This can also lead to severe depression from cancer patients, resulting in a weaker immune system.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/is-cancer-contagious.html

How to Treat Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Naturally

Written By: admin
John

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is a very common type of cancer, and like other diseases, it can be treated naturally. Aside from traditional medical procedures and medicines, there are several alternatives for treating the disease. However, we recommend consulting with your physician. Some of them are:

Cleavers 

This herb is widely known for its effective cleansing benefits. It is traditionally used to clean the lymphatic system, to relieve swollen glands and to treat tumors and lumps. It has a flushing effect on the human body.

Parsley 

This useful herb can help the individual to eliminate an enzyme called epithelial growth factor that stimulates the growth of cancer cells in the human body. By limiting the development of such enzyme, the individual is less likely to suffer from any type of cancer in the future.

Green Tea

It has been scientifically proven that green tea has powerful anti-cancerous properties, and it can be used to battle against the development of cancer cells in the human body.

Red Clover

Recent research has found that this plant can help the individual to eliminate toxins through sweating.

Pau d’Arco 

This plant can be used to fight the lymphoma and its symptoms, as it has antioxidant, antiviral, laxative, analgesic and other properties.

Echinacea red root 

Used mostly to boost the immune system and prepare it against viruses and several diseases.

Reishi Mushroom

This mushroom has several antioxidant properties that can be useful in the fight against cancer by strengthening the immune system.

Apart from the enlisted herbs and natural alternatives, the person can also incorporate hot and cold bath into their daily routine, with the purpose of detoxifying and relaxing the body and muscles. It is important to bear in mind that a healthy and balanced diet is essential to prevent cancer and other diseases, as one of the main risk factors of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is over-weight. Drinking water, and maintaining a daily exercise routine is therefore vital. Finally, it is important to consider that most of the mentioned herbal alternatives still need further scientific investigation.

http://www.pcrm.org/health/cancer-resources/diet-cancer/nutrition/how-lycopene-helps-protect-against-cancer

How many cases of hypothyroidism are there?

Written By: admin
John

It is estimated that around 200 million people have either Hyper or Hypothyroidism. 59 million of them are in the United States alone with 13 million of them unaware that they have thyroid problems.

That is an astounding number given that the United States is a first world country with has access to the best healthcare facilities. This number is just a rough estimate based on thyroid-stimulating hormone tests, meaning those numbers may be more as far as studies show.

Since thyroid problems are hereditary, there are certain instances where the person is yet to be diagnosed since symptoms don’t manifest yet. An early diagnosis must be considered to start treatment early and to avoid problems in the future.

What is HIV?

Written By: Susanna Pilny
John

HIV—which stands for human immunodeficiency virus—is thought to affect around 35 million people worldwide. Yet, for such a globally present disease, no cure or preventative substance has been found. So what is HIV? And how does it relate to AIDS?

As mentioned above, HIV comes from a virus, which is transmitted solely through certain bodily fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. However, these liquids are more or less harmless, unless they contact open wounds, an eye, the rectum, the nose, the vagina, the opening of the penis, or the mouth of another person. When this happens, the virus is given access to their blood and could infect them. There have been no recorded cases of HIV transmission involving a small amount of blood contacting intact skin.

If infected, the person often exhibits flu-like symptoms, a stage known as acute retroviral syndrome (ARS). During this stage—which occurs within 2-4 weeks after infection—large amounts of the virus are being produced in the body. The virus then begins destroying important immune system cells known as CD4 cells, putting the person at a great risk for infecting others.

After a while, the immune system begins to gain a foothold against the virus, bringing it back down to a stable level. Soon, the HIV-positive person reaches the clinical latency stage—which, if they are treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), can last for decades. (Otherwise, it lasts for up to 10 years).

Eventually, CD4 cell levels begin to drop as the virus begins to overcome the immune system, leading to the AIDS stage.

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) occurs when the infection has badly damaged the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections and opportunistic cancers. A diagnosis of AIDS requires blood CD4 levels of below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood, or the development of an opportunistic illness, regardless of CD4 count. Without treatment, people diagnosed with AIDS live for only 1-3 years.

While the lack of preventative medications and vaccines or a cure may frighten some who are HIV-positive, the current therapies allow most patients to live a long and full life.

(Image credit: Thinkstock)

Health

Why haven’t we found a cure for HIV yet?

Written By: Susanna Pilny
John

It’s estimated that HIV infected humans as far back as the late 1800s or even earlier, but it took until 1983 for the virus itself to be identified. Even then, we’ve had over 30 years to create a vaccine or a cure, and have nothing to show for it. So why is HIV so dang hard to eradicate?
It comes down to the nature of the virus itself. Viruses—unlike bacteria and parasites—are not alive. What this means is viruses cannot grow or reproduce on their own, but instead need to attach themselves to a living cell to do these things. Viruses are often found within or on your own body cells—meaning your body often can’t find the infection in the first place.
Further, a virus can’t be killed with something like traditional antibiotics because there’s nothing alive to kill. If you destroy a part of a bacterium that allows it to make more bacteria, the bacterial infection can’t spread; with viruses, you would have to destroy actual human cells to do the same. Further, for an HIV vaccine to work, it would have to stop HIV in the few moments before it is allowed to enter human cells (and thus becomes unreachable)—a very tiny window of opportunity.
HIV is one evil virus
However, HIV is even more insidious than a regular virus. First, it’s actually a retrovirus, meaning it doesn’t just enter a cell to replicate; it enters itself into the cell’s very DNA in order to make more copies of the virus. HIV only infects the very cells that would normally kill it—immune system cells known as CD4 cells.
HIV hides inside these cells, waiting for them to get triggered by an infection. When this happens, HIV replicates inside the cells—and extremely quickly, meaning the virus mutates very quickly as well. After enough copies are made, the virus bursts out of the cells (which kills the cells) before finding another uninfected CD4 cell to enter.
The current medications we have can kill actively-working infected CD4 cells, but one single medication isn’t enough to kill all mutated forms of the virus—HIV can quickly change into a form the medication can’t kill. To combat this, HIV-positive patients usually take multiple antiretroviral drugs at the same time, in an effort to kill off all mutated versions. Eventually, though, the virus will find a form that works—meaning the drug combination fails after some time.
However, not every CD4 cell activates with an infection; often, many remain inactive. And sometimes, after HIV enters a CD4 cell, that CD4 stays inactive—meaning that as the medications only destroy the active infected cells, there are many that hide HIV undetected. After the medication clears, these cells are free to quickly activate and create more HIV in the body.
While this seems to paint a pretty dire image, there is hope. For example, one patient has been declared cured of HIV: a man from Berlin, who received treatment in 2007. The man was an HIV-positive leukemia patient who was treated for his cancer in a standard way: his blood cells were mostly killed off with chemotherapy, in an attempt to eradicate the cancer amongst them, and then he was given an infusion of blood-cell creating stem cells from a donor. The new blood cells created then attacked and killed off the remaining white blood cells in his body—a typical reaction between a graft and host.
By killing off these cells, the process also killed off hidden CD4 cells carrying HIV. However, there was no guarantee that this process would kill every single infected cell, so the doctor added in an extra measure: the blood cells donated to the patient were HIV-resistant, as they lacked the “door” by which HIV usually enters cells (CCR5).
He continues to show no signs of an HIV infection, causing doctors to label him as cured.
(Image credit: Thinkstock)

Supplements for Hypothyroidism

Written By: admin
John

While thyroid hormone replacement is the most commonly prescribed treatment for hypothyroidism, there are a number of natural supplements patients can take to help improve thyroid function and alleviate symptoms.

Glutathione

Most people only see Glutathione as a supplement to make their skin more radiant, but little know the real science behind it. It is because Glutathione is an antioxidant that prevents the body’s important cellular components to be damaged. In the case of Hypothyroidism, it strengthens the body’s immune system. Glutathione helps protect and heal thyroid tissue. There are numerous Glutathione products on the market such as tablets and even dextrose, but it is still better to get them from natural sources. Opt for foods such as broccoli, asparagus, avocado, grapefruit, peaches, squash, spinach, raw eggs, and garlic instead.  Make sure to add them to your meals to help your body to produce Glutathione.

Vitamin B-Complex

A supplement commonly used for the nervous system is Vitamin B-Complex. This helps regulate neurologic function and hormonal balance, including the ones found in the Thyroid Gland. This is also a good supplement if you wish to cope with Hypothyroid-related disorders such as fatigue and stress. The role of Vitamin B-Complex is to make sure that your body’s nerve cells stay healthy. Lean meats and seafood are rich sources of B-Vitamins as well as leafy greens and whole grains. Try consulting your physician first to determine if you still need supplementary Vitamin B-Complex on top of your natural intake.

Omega-3

Commonly found in “Fish Oil”, Omega-3 is a fatty acid essential to the heart and thyroid function. It is said to lower the risk of anxiety and depression, symptoms also associated with Hypothyroidism. In the case of thyroid related problems, Omega-3 controls the immune system, which improves the ability of the body to respond to thyroid hormones. It also helps reduce inflammation which causes hypothyroidism. Although Fish Oil is the most common source of Omega-3, legumes such as walnuts, chia seeds, and flax seeds are also rich sources of this healthy fatty acid.

L-Tyrosine

This amino acid is used in the synthesis of T4 or the main thyroid hormone. Since this supplement is an amino acid, natural sources can usually be found in poultry and dairy. Chicken and Turkey meat are good sources of Tyrosine while yogurt and cottage cheese are good dairy sources. Legumes such as peanuts, almonds, lima beans can also be an option.

It is best to consult your physician first for any allergic reaction to food sources. Doctors might recommend you to take the amino acid in capsule form instead.

Fibromyalgia

Colonoscopy: Preparation, Procedure, and Risk Factors

Written By: Alexandra Waller
admin
colonoscopy

Photo by rawpixel.com from Pexels

A colonoscopy is a way for doctors to examine changes or abnormalities in the large intestine and rectum. The procedure involves a colonoscope. A colonoscope is a long and flexible tube that is inserted into the rectum. It is a tool that allows doctors to see the inside of the colon. Polyps or other kinds of abnormal tissue can also be removed during a colonoscopy.

There are several reasons why your doctor may recommend a colonoscopy, including screening for colon cancer or searching for polyps. If you experience any abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, chronic constipation, or other intestinal problems, your doctor can use a colonoscopy to examine what is causing your symptoms more closely.

Preparation

The most important way to prepare is to clean out your colon. Your doctor will tell you the importance of emptying out your colon before a colonoscopy. Any residue can make it difficult for the doctor to get a clear view of your colon and rectum.

Emptying your colon may entail different processes. Your doctor will ask that you take a laxative, which comes in pill or liquid form. The liquid form tends to work better than the pill, but you may find the taste unbearable. One tip is to drink more water with it, and consume it through a straw. Another tip is to suck on a lemon flavored lollipop so the taste of the liquid laxative is more bearable. It is important to not consume anything red. Red food or drinks are easily confused with blood during the colonoscopy exam.

Additionally, your doctor may also ask that you follow a specific kind of diet the day before the exam. Usually, you can not eat any solid foods. Your doctor will limit your diet to clear liquids. Correctly preparing for your colonoscopy is important because it will allow the doctor to more accurately review your results. If you do not follow your doctor’s instructions, it can lead to an incorrect result or you will have to reschedule your colonoscopy exam.

During the Exam

After you have prepared, the doctor can perform the colonoscopy. The procedure takes about thirty to sixty minutes. You are expected to wear a hospital gown during the procedure. Also, doctors will use sedation during the exam. You will lie on your side with your knees towards your chest. Then, your doctor will insert a colonoscope into your rectum.

The colonoscope is an important tool during the procedure. It allows the doctor to see and examine your colon more directly. The scope is made up of a long, flexible tube with a light at the end. It can pump air or carbon dioxide into the colon, which helps inflate the colon and makes it easier for the doctor to view. However, this may make you feel bloated or feel abdominal cramping. You may also feel like you need to have a bowel movement.

A video camera is attached at the tip and sends images to the monitor for the doctor to study. Additionally, doctors can use certain instruments through the scope to take tissue sample or remove polyps.

Results

After the procedure it can take up to an hour to recover from the sedative. Because of the amount of time it takes to recover from the sedative, it is important that someone drives you home. It is possible to feel bloated or pass gas after the exam. If you feel any discomfort, walking can help. Also, it is possible to notice some blood within your first bowel movement after the procedure. This is normal and there is no need to panic. However, if you notice that you are still experiencing blood or blood clots several days after the exam, you will need to talk with your doctor.

You will receive a negative result if there are no abnormalities in the colon. Ten years is usually the recommendation to have another colonoscopy. However, if the doctor finds any polyps or abnormal tissue in the colon you will receive a positive result. Most polyps are not cancerous, but they can be precancerous. Polyps are removed during the colonoscopy and are analyzed further to test if they are cancerous or not. Depending on your result, you will need to schedule more appointments with your doctor for check ups.

Risks

There are few risks during the colonoscopy exam. Risks include experiencing a reaction to the sedative, bleeding, or a tear in the colon or rectum wall. If you experience any worse or ongoing conditions, make sure to contact your doctor.

Is Hypothyroidism contagious?

Written By: admin
John

Thyroid problems are neither viral nor infectious. There is no harm in approaching and communicating with a person with Hyper or Hypothyroidism.

The condition is usually acquired through genetics which means if you have a family member who has a thyroid problem, chances are, you or your offspring might also have the same condition as well. There is also a chance that you may develop a different thyroid problem depending on how much hormones your thyroid gland supplies.

Living environments are also things to be considered especially for those with Hypothyroidism. People who aren’t living in close proximity to any body of saltwater are less likely to have access to seafood and iodized salt thus, making them iodine deficient.

The thyroid gland, however, is still susceptible to infectious diseases one of which is tuberculous. Diseases such as lymphomatous thyroiditis and Acute bacterial thyroiditis are the ones close to being contagious but there aren’t further studies into it at the moment.

Fibromyalgia

Latest Fibromyalgia News

Written By: Alexandra Waller
admin
latest fibromyalgia news

Photo by rawpixel.com from Pexels

Fibromyalgia is a long-term, chronic disorder. It causes widespread muscle pain and tenderness. Symptoms tend to include fatigue and altered sleep, memory, and depression in addition to muscle pain. Although treatment can help relieve symptoms, there is no cure. However, research and tests can help better understand fibromyalgia, which is why it is important to stay updated on the latest news.

This article will address technologies, treatments, and research associated with fibromyalgia. If you or a loved one would like to learn more about fibromyalgia, the National Fibromyalgia Association and the National Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain Association are great resources.

This article that contains research concerning the latest fibromyalgia news. It is always best to contact your doctor if you have any questions or concerns. Do not hesitate to reach out to a health care professional you trust.

Neuroinflammation

Inflammation in the brain has been considered as causing the amplification of pain signals. In fact, Swedish scientists have researched that there is a way to assess the levels of inflammation in the brain, including sampling the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF reflects what is happening in the brain because it is always in contact with it. The CSF levels of inflammation are much higher in patients with fibromyalgia than in healthy individuals.

Treatment Options to Lower Neuroinflammation

  • LDN: Low-dose naltrexone is an opiate-blocking medication that is given in low doses to lower inflammation in the central nervous system. LDN stops the release of inflammatory chemicals by targeting the receptors on the immune cells found in the brain (gial cells).
  • CBD: As a newer option, cannabidiol is a chemical compound made from cannabis that can be used to help treat chronic pain symptoms and reduce inflammation. CBD is an alternative choice to opioid prescriptions. The legal status of CBD depends where you live in because different states have different laws.
  • Tumeric: Tumeric has an active ingredient, called curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory effects in the brain.
  • Green Tea: Another food product is green tea. Green tea also contains a chemical that helps with anti-inflammatory effects, called EGCG.
  • Cruciferous Vegetables: For example, an extract from broccoli (sulforaphane) helps protect against brain inflammation.

Natural Fibromyalgia Treatment

Diet can play an important role in treating fibromyalgia symptoms. There are natural options for fibromyalgia treatment. Changing to a fibromyalgia diet, adding certain supplements, using essential oils, and therapy (massage, mediations, and counseling) can help relieve pain and fatigue.

Eat a low FODMAP diet. FODMAP stands for a collection of food molecules that are short-chained carbohydrates. FODMAPs are fermentable and are a group of sugars that can not be completely absorbed by the body.

Foods to eat include:

  • Vegetables (carrots, bell peppers, bok choy, cucumbers, lettuce, potatoes, summer and winter squash)
  • Fruits (bananas, berries, grapes, kiwi, cantaloupe, honeydew melon, kumquat, citrus fruit, rhubarb, pineapple)
  • Foods without dairy (almond milk, coconut milk, rice milk, goat milk yogurt)
  • Certain foods with protein (eggs, free-range chicken and turkey, wild fish, tempeh, grass-fed beef and lamb)
  • Other foods: gluten-free oats, GMO-free corn and rice, quinoa, peanuts, pecans, walnuts, avocado oil and coconut oil. There are other options, and the foods listed above are just some suggestions. It is important to avoid foods high in FODMAPs, including fructose, lactose, fructans, galactans, polyols, large amounts of alcohol and caffeine, and processed foods or foods with additives.

Research and Other Options

Neurotransmitters and Brain Research

According to Fibromyalgia News Today, there is a recent study that suggests signaling proteins that activate the nervous system (catecholamines and indolamines) may have an important role in fibromyalgia. However, research is ongoing and results have remained unclear or contradictory.

In another study in 2018 scientists have found that brain stimulation with cognitive training can help boost memory and verbal fluency in women who have fibromyalgia. Brazil researchers have discovered that by combining noninvasive brain stimulation with cognitive training women with fibromyalgia experience positive cognitive improvements.

Quell

In a personal relation, Donna Burch explains her experience with the Quell wearable pain relief device. She also lists other technological options, but describes Quell in detail. In sum, the Quell is a drug free option that is FDA approved to wear for 24/7 widespread pain relief (not just a localized region on the body).

Botox

In my experience, I have a family member who has fibromyalgia. It not only negatively affects the individual physically, but also mentally. One option that is not a medication is botox, which helps with trigger points. Because botox is an injection, it comes with slight risks, but it does not have any real side effects.

Is ADHD Contagious?

Written By: admin
John

When people say “contagious,” this means that a specific kind of contact easily transmits a disease. By definition, contagious diseases are infectious, spread by either physical contact from person to person, or by contact with an agent such as a mosquito or tick carrying the virus or infectious material.

Suffice it to say, ADHD is not contagious — being around people who have ADHD do not put you at risk of then contracting ADHD. Even if a mosquito bites someone with ADHD and then bites you next, there is still zero chance that you will have ADHD because of the mosquito bite. Instead, ADHD is hereditary and genetic and can be passed down to your children. No amount of contact and mingling with ADHD children and adults will ever make you “catch” ADHD.

References

https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/contagious.html

http://www.afrivip.org/sites/default/files/contagious.pdf

http://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/31/2/56